Part 1, Ch.4: Genesis of International Sport**Format:Olympic Games TimelineInternational Sports TimelineTitle IX TimelineImportant People ChartA:THE OLYMPIC GAMES1. Olympic Games Summary-International Olympic Committee: created by a conference at Sorbonne University in Paris, which was initiated by baron Pierre de Coubertin (officially credited w/ modern renewal of Olympics)decide on only amateur athletes as in the ideology of the original Games, free from political or professional influencecreated lots of controversy over what was defined as an amateur*1st Modern Games: April 6, 1896. Athens, Greece (remember this date)last 10 daysless than 300 participants, athletes from 13 countries. Some countries represented by “delegations”9 sports events (track & field, swimming, gymnastics, fencing etc), 39 total events overallmarathon race: totally new event in Games of 1896, became very popular. Suggested by Michael Breal of France. 25 milesno team or women involvementUS had 13 athletes competing, mostly from Princetonwas considered a tremendous successTrack and field – James Conway – won the first track and field contest (American)US had won all but two events – even back then, counting the number of medals they won1st marathon1st Olympics was the place of the first marathonGreek history – Greek messenger, Milo – divilerying message that they won warRan from Marathon to Athens – got to Athens and yelled “victory” and diedMichel Breal brought it backChangings a little of timePart 2, Ch 5: International Sports in the 20th CenturyA. INTERNATIONAL SPORT BEFORE WWI1. Olympic Games- 2nd & 3rd Olympic Games in Paris (1900) & St. Louis (1904): considered failureslast for extremely unnecessarily lengthy periods of timeCoubertin was not involved in either*Games of 1900 (Paris): fail1000 athleteswomen participated in tennis & golf, Coubertin objected*Games of 1904 (St. Louis): fail# of athletes was halved from 1900 gameswomen participate in archery-interim Games of 1906 (Athens):celebrated 10th anniversary of 1st modern Gamessaved the Olympic movement*Games of 1908 (London): failpolitical problems b/w Irish & Finnsboth countries wanted to be represented under their own national flags although were part of other countries’ empiresupheaval b/w Britian & America over this*Games of 1912 (Stockholm): successlots of participationno figure skating (it was summertime)marathon is officially lengthened from 25 to 26 mi and 385 ydsKing Edward VII lengthened it so race would end at the Windsor Palace so he could watch* modern pentathlon is added: cross country riding, fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, cross country raceCoubertin’s ideaLasted 5 days, now lasts 1 day-Games of 1916 (Berlin): canceled bc of WWI2. Jim Thorpe-Native American football player who won the decathlon, pentathlon in 1912, & letters in 11 sports-Called “greatest athlete in the world” by king of Sweden-Later IOC discovered he was a minor league baseball player for a yearDeclared a professional, had to return medals-was a movement to reinstate Thorpe, claimed he was dealt w/ harshly bc of raceAvery Brundage, pres of International Olympic Committee (IOC) refuses to deal w/ this- Juan Antonio Samaranch, latter pres of IOC, returns medals to Thorpe’s children in 19823. International Sport Federations & World Championships- 19th century: only international federations for gymnastics, rowing, cycling & skating- # of federations increase after 1908 Olympics innovation of modern pentathlon-federations created for swimming, soccer, shooting, sailing, ice hockey, weightlifting, etc*world championships in weightlifting, tennis, ice hockey*Far Eastern Games: 1913Asian multisport competition held in Manila, Phillipinesstemming from the International YMCA6 participating countries (Phillipines, Thailand, China, Japan, Malaysia, & Hong Kong)*Davis Cup: 1900tennis competition.Won by US, Britain & Australia each a few times before WWI*Tour de France: 1903cycling competitionstill a major international cycling event todayB: INTERNATIONAL SPORTS B/W WORLD WARS1. Post WWI*Inter Allied Games: 1918competitions in 24 sportsgrew out of USA-French military initiative*Games of 1920 (Antwerp): carried out in primitive conditionsGermany & Allies not allowed to participateArchery expelled bc of rules dispute* 2 important innovations: 5 ringed Olympic flag designed by Coubertin & Olympic oath to abide by the rules is first used*Games of 1924 (Paris): successlargest participation everno German athletes allowed, tennis expelled from the Games* introduction of a week of winter sports, but was decided to be held in 1926*1st Winter Games of 1926 (Chamonix, France)*Central American Games of 1926 (Mexico City)athletes from Mexico, Cuba & Guatemalacompete in 9 sports: track & field, basketball, baseball, diving, tennis, fencing, shooting, swimming, volleyball*Games of 1928 (Amsterdam):big controversy: women athletes participated in 5 track & field eventsthis causes the International Federation of Women’s Sports to create their own quadrennial World Games, which was renamed the Women’s Olympics. The last one was in 1934 in London- The Worker’s Olympics (1925 & 1937):held in Frankfurt & Antwerpcreated by the International Organization of Socialist Sports (SASI).SASI along with the Turnen movement de-emphasized athletics stars, made it team oriented.Ends in 1938 when Nazis dissolve movement’s associations b/w Germany, Austria, & Czechoslovakia* Soccer World Cups in the 1930’s1st Soccer World Cup: 1930quadrennial gamesstarted out modest, popularity grew rapidlySoccer World Cup: 1934# of participating teams hugely increasedSoccer World Cup: 1938major political disputeGermany forces International Soccer Federation to not let Austrian team play (under the German Reich) & made Austrian players play for German team*British Empire Games of 1930 (Ontario)11 teams under the British Empireevents: athletics, boxing, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming, wrestlinglater became renamed the Commonwealth Games* Games of 1932 (Los Angeles): neither fail or successextreme decrease in participation, suggesting Europe was the center of international sportsnevertheless IOC agrees to continue tradition of holding games in Europe one year & then out of Europe the nextinnovations: photo finish camera, automatic timing devices2. Beginnings of WWII Start to Arise* Jewish Olympics of 1932 (Tel Aviv)inspired by 1912 Stockholm Games, developed by Yosef Yekutieliall Jewish