Slide 1The mother of all questions- “how did life begin?”Slide 3AtomsElectronegativityWaterCarbonFunctional GroupsSlide 9Chapter 2Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of LifeThe mother of all questions- “how did life begin?”•Theory- inputs of energy led to the information of complex carbon-containing substances, making a compound that could duplicate itself•Chemical evolution biological evolution ⟶2.1 Atoms, Ions, & Molecules: The Building Blocks of Chemical Evolution•4 types of atoms=96% of all matter•Carbon•Hydrogen•Nitrogen•Oxygen•STRUCTURE AFFECTS FUNCTIONAtoms•Protons- +1 charge, does not vary, identifier•Neutrons- can vary (isotopes)•Atomic weight- average of all mass numbers •Most isotopes are stable•Exception: carbon-14Electronegativity•How attached an element is to its outer electrons•O > N > C = H (most electronegative to least)Polar Bonds Nonpolar BondsO-H C-HO-C O-ON-H H-HWater•All biological interactions happen in the context of water solutions•Water interacts with ionic, polar, and nonpolar compounds differently•Nonpolar bonds do NOT interact with water but with each other-fats and oils are hydrocarbons-cell membrane mostly nonpolar-nonpolar bonds contain more chemical energy•More polar bonds= more solubleCarbon•Carbon forms the skeleton of all organic compounds•Can form lines, rings, etc.•Single & double bonds alter shapeFunctional Groups•Critical in understanding:•How proteins fold•What holds DNA together•How enzymes react with substrates•Why changing one functional group in a protein can destroy its function•All functional groups are
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