Biosc 0150: Foundations of Biology I Sample test: practice for midterm 4Name___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)What role does Na+/K+-ATPase play in salt excretion by the shark rectal gland?A)Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateralmembrane.B)Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium into and potassium out of cells across the basolateralmembrane.C)Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium in and potassium out of cells across the apical membrane.D)Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the apical membrane.1)2)When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferredtemperature of the body, which general component is being used?A)stimulating sweat glands to increase evaporationB)both constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease heat loss and stimulation of sweatglands to increase evaporationC)effectorD)integratorE)sensor2)3)Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?A)B-cell receptors and T-cell receptorsB)B-cell receptors and antibodiesC)T-cell receptors and antibodiesD)antibodies and antigens3)4)The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to _____.A)diffusionB)osmosisC)symports and antiportsD)sodium-potassium pumps4)5)Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ionchannels in the hair cell membrane open when _____.A)the membrane is distorted mechanicallyB)the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltageC)a chemical ligand binds to the ion channelD)light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane5)6)How do citrus fruits such as lemons cause the basic taste of sour?A)Citric acid amplifies the sour taste of vitamin C when it binds to specialized receptors onthe taste cells.B)the more acidic the food the more depolarization of the sensory receptorC)Ascorbic acid binds to sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells, whichleads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response.D)Sugars and ascorbic acid bind sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells,which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response.6)17)How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?A)Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional.B)Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.C)Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung.D)There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for futureuse.7)Figure 18)Which letter on Figure 1 corresponds to the action of the sodium-potassium pump andpotassium leak channels?A)AB)BC)CD)D8)9)Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterasedegrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurringacetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusk Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, whatwould you expect to happen?A)gradual loss of resting potentialB)convulsions due to constant muscle stimulationC)decrease in the frequency of action potentialsD)paralysis of muscle tissueE)no effect9)10)There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likelyto be at a disadvantage in which of the following environments?A)very cold environmentsB)very hot environmentsC)environments with a constant food sourceD)environments with variable and limited food sources10)11)You observe a lizard sitting on a rock on a sunny day. If the lizard is attempting to raise its bodytemperature, what mechanism of heat transfer is being employed?A)convectionB)radiationC)evaporationD)conduction11)212)What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down thelength of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier?A)There could be no action potential generated at the axon hillock.B)The action potential would be propagated nearly instantaneously to the synapse.C)The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.D)None of the above could happen.12)13)In what way does hemoglobin act as a buffer against changes in blood pH?A)Subsequent binding of oxygen is drastically reduced after the first one is bound.B)Hemoglobin removes excess protons from the red blood cells so that they can be excretedthrough the kidneys.C)Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid.D)Hemoglobin produces protons or hydroxide ions as needed to alter the blood pH.E)All of the above answers apply.13)14)Through studies on the Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the innerface of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism oftransport?A)Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiringprocess.B)Potassium transport is a passive process.C)Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of thetubules.D)Sodium ions will follow potassium ions.14)15)An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amountabove their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animalwill cool down faster?A)They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.B)The elephant will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio.C)The elephant will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio.D)The mouse will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio.15)16)When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), aseries of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occurlast (i.e., after all of the others)?A)release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulumB)conformational change in troponinC)ACh releaseD)depolarization of the muscle cellE)action potential propagation down the T-tubules16)17)Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?A)a proteinaceous epidermisB)chitin and the cuticleC)tracheae and spiraclesD)a small surface area/volume relationship17)318)If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ionconcentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential?A)The membrane potential would become more negative.B)The membrane potential would remain the