Biosc&0150:&Foundations&of&Biology&I.& & Review&Chapter&3,4,5&&&6& &Adel,&Anthony,&Kathleen,&Megan,&Dr.&Swigonova& & Page&1&of&20&Review&Chapter&3:&Proteins&1. Origin&of&Life:&a. What&were&the&two&key&compounds&in&chemical&evolution&that&were&req u ired &for&reactio n s&that&lead&to&the&synthesis&of&more&co m ple x&orga nic &mo lecu les?&(Hint:&These&two&molecules&were& discovered& to& be& the& key& to& chemical& evolution& in& Stanley& Miller’s& SparkNDischarge&Experiment)&&&Formaldehyde&(H2CO)&and&hydrogen&cyanide&(HCN)&b. Miller’s&experiment&simulated&the&second&stage&in&chemical&evolution&–&the&formation&of&a&_____________&soup.&&&&Prebiotic.&c. In& early& Miller’s& simulations&of&early&Earth,& the& mo lecules& did& not& undergo& spontaneous&chemical&reactions,&even&at&high&temperatures&(no&matter&how&much&he&boiled&the& “o cean”&water).&&What& aspect&did&he&need&to&add&to& his&experiment&for&it&to& be&successful&in&making&the& two& key& molecules& in& chemical& evolution?& & What& did& this& element& represent& in& early&Earth’s& conditions?&&&Electrical&discharges& added&pulses&of&intense&electrical& energy;&sparking&was& key& in& tandem& with& the& boiling& of& the& water.& & It& represented& lightning&in&early& earth.&Formation&of&H2CO&and&HCN&are&end e rg o n ic&r ea c tio n s.&&2. Amino&Acid&Structure:&a. Carbon&atoms&have&a&valence&of&________.&&Four.&b. What&are&the& four& groups/parts&making&up&an&amino&acid?&Amino&functional&group,& carboxyl&functional&group,&hydroge n&ato m ,&and&RN grou p&side&chain&c. Which&of&the&four&groups&affects&reactivity&of&different&amino&acids&the&most?&Why?&&&RNgroup,&it&is&the&only&fourth&of&the&amino&acid&that&varies&between&amino&acids&d. How&would&a&hydrocarbon&RNgroup&on&an&amino&acid&affect&its&solubility&in&water?&It&would&cause&the &a m in o &a cid &to &b e &m u ch &le ss &so lu b le &o r&n o t&so lu b le &a t&a ll &in &w a te r. &e. What&type&of&side&chain&(&charged&/&uncharged&)&would&interact&with&water&the&best?&&This&would&make&the&amino&acid&dissolve&in&water&(&more&easily&/&rarely&).&Charged;&more&easily&&3. Polymerization&of&Amino&Acids&into&Proteins:&a. Do& amino& acids& polymerize& spontaneously?& & Why& or& why& not?& No,& entropy& is& decreasing&(increasing& entropy& is& spontaneous);& polym ers & are& also& much& less& stable& than & mono m ers ;&early&earth&conditions&were&energy&rich&environments&to&overcome&this&b. Monomers&polymerize&via&(&dehydration&/&hydrolysis&)&reactions.&&This&is&named&so&because&the& newly& formed& bond& results& in& the& loss& of& ________ ____ __.& Dehydration;& a& water&molecule&c. When& a& bond& forms& between& the& _____________& group& of& one& amino& acid& and& the&_____________&group&of&another,&a&CNN&bond&is&formed&in&a&condensation&reaction.&&This&is&also& known& as& a& ____________bond.& & Why& are& these& bonds& unusually& stable?& Carboxyl&group;&amino&group;&peptide;&the&electrons&involved&are&partially&shared&between&the&new &peptide&bond& and&the&neighboring&carbonyl& functional& group&–&they&have&characteristics&of&a&double&bond&making&the&bond&planar&&4. Explain&why&the&lock&and&key&model&&of&an&enzyme&proposed&by&Emil&Fischer&is&not&fully&true.&Fischer’s& lock& and& key& model& said& that& substrates& enter& the& active& site& of& enzymes& and& that& the&enyzme’s& shape& remains& static& in& the& process.& T his& is& not& true.& When& enzymes& encounter& their&specific&substrates,&they&make&conformational& changes& (known& as& “ ind uc ed & fits”)&which& help& bring&substrate&molecules&together&so&that&they&can&undergo&the&fastest&possible&reactions.&&Biosc&0150:&Foundations&of&Biology&I.& & Review&Chapter&3,4,5&&&6& &Adel,&Anthony,&Kathleen,&Megan,&Dr.&Swigonova& & Page&2&of&20&5. As&a&group,&proteins& perform&more&types&of&cell&functions&than&any&other&type&of&molecule& does.&Fill&in&the&blanks&considering&p ro te i ns ’&ve rs at ili ty .&&a. A&protein&that&functions&as&a&catalyst&is&called&a&(an)&____________?&Enzyme&b. When&you&get&sick,&certain&proteins&called&________________&come&to&attack&and& destroy&the&virus.&Antibodies&c. Actin& and& myosin& are& referred& to& as& __________& proteins.& Their& main& function& is&_______________________________________________________________.& Motor;& to&move&the&cell&itself&or&to&move&large&molecules&inside&the&cell&d. Hemoglobin& is& a& _____________& protein.& Its& function& is& ____________________&__________________________________________.& Transport;& to& transport& oxygen& from&the&lungs&to&the&rest&of&the&body&&6. Discussion&about&Enzymes:&a. Enzymes& are& extremely& important& to& living& organisms.& In& one& or& two& sentences,& describe&what&an&enzyme&is&(be&specific&yet&precise).&&An&enzyme&is&a&protein&that&acts&as&a&catalyst&and& lowers& the& activation& energy& for& chemical& processes& in& cells.& By& lowering& activation&energy&(also&know n&as&free&energy&of&the&transition&state),&the&speed&of&chemical&reactions&increases&immensely,&allowing&life&to&exist.&b. Question:&Without&enzymes,&would&the&biochemical&processes&that&support&life&be&able&to&occur&efficiently&and&quickly&enough&so&that&organisms&could&remain&in&existence?&i. Definitely!& & & &ii. Absolutely&not&iii. I’m&not&quite&sure& & &iv. Yes,&if&the&organism&drinks&enough&Red&Bull&Answer:&B&&7. Given& the& diagram& (right),& answe r& the& follo wing&questions.&a. Arrow&1&refers&to&the&__________________&of&the&reaction.&&&&Activation&Energy&b. Arrow&2&refers&to&the&change&in&_________________&of&the&reaction,&also&known&as&(∆G,&∆S,&∆H).&&Free&energy,&∆G&c. Do& you&expect&the&addition&of&an&enzyme&catalyst& to& alter& the& activation& energy& of& the&reaction?& What& about& the& ch an ge& in& free&energy&of&the&reaction?&The&addition&of&a&catalyst& will&lower&the&activation&energy&of&the& reaction,&letting&it&proceed&faster.&However,& a &catalyst&does&not&affect&the&change&in&free&energy&of&the&reactio n . &As&you&may&learn& in&your&chemistry& courses,&activation&energy& is&a&kinetic&quantity&which& has&to&do&with&the&rate&of&reaction,&while& free&energy&is&a& thermodynamic&quantity&which& has& to& do&with&the&extent&of& a& reaction.&There& is& no&mathematical&relationship&between& the& kinetics&and& thermodynam ics& of& a& reaction,& therefore& catalysts& have& no& effect& on& thermodynamic&quantities.&d. After&you’ve&answered&part&C,&