Biosc&0150:&Foundations&of&Biology&I.& & Review&Worksheet& &Adel,&Anthony,&Kathleen,&Megan,&Dr.&Swigonova& & Page&1&of&14&Review&Chapter&1:&What&is&life&&&Introduction&to&biology&1. What&is&phenomena?&&What&is&the&difference&between&a&theory&and&a&hypothesis?&&How&do&scientists&relate&them&to&predictions? &Phenomena&are&not&things&“supernatural”&or&“out&of&this&world.”&&They&are&simply&observations,&any&observation&–&they&are&the&discovery.&&Our& book’s&defin ition & of&theory& is&“an& explanation&for& a&very&general& class& of& phenomena& or& observations.”& & The& definition& of& hypothesis& is& “a& propo sed&explanation.”& & At& times,& these& terms& can& be& easily& mixed& up& so& it& is& a& good& thing& to& be& able& to&differentiate& them& now.& & Once& someone& has& proposed& a& question,& he/she& can& then& make& a&hypothesis&to&then&be&tested.&&Many&hypotheses&can&be&made.&&We&only&then&call&it&a&theory&once&that&particular&hypothesis&has&been&tested&with&considerable&evidence.&&As&a&result,&a&theory&is&u sually&a&more&broad&or&general&explanation&than&the&original&hypothesis.&&It&is&incredibly&difficult&to&create&a&theory&that&is&generally&accepted&(ex.&Theory&of&relativity),&whereas& hypotheses&are&made&and&tested&constantly.&&A&theory&is&basically&a&successful&hypothesis.&&Remember&–&nothing&is&of&absolute&truth&in&science&and&that&is&why&even&gravity&is&still&only&a&theory.&&STEPS:&a. Ask&a&question&about&a&phenomenon&b. Make&observations&about&the&phenomenon&c. Hypothesize&an&explanation&about&the&phenomenon&&d. Predict&a&logical&consequence&of&the&hypothesis&e. Test&predictions&f. Create&a&theory&based&on&numerous&experiments&&2. Using&the&given&phylogenetic&tree,&answer&the&following&questions.&Figure:&Tree&of&life.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&a. Which&taxon&is&the&closest&relative&to&Spirochetes?&Support&your&answer.&&Proteobacteria,&since&they&are&sister&taxa&(share&the&most&recent&common&ancestor).&b. Are&Plants&closer&related&to&Ciliates&or&Slime/Molds ? &S u p po rt &yo u r&a ns w e r.& Ciliates&because &they&share&more&recent&comm o n&an ces tor.&c. Are&Flagellates&closer&related&to&Enamoebae&or&animals?&Support&your&answer.&Flagellates&are&more&ancestral&lineage&to&clade&consisiting&Entamoebae&and&animals.&Since&Entamoebae&diverged&earlier&that&animals,&they&might&resemble&flagellate s&more&closely&then&animals&if&the &ancestral&characters&were&not&significantly&altered&in&time&(sharing&plesiomorphic/ancestral&characters).&Biosc&0150:&Foundations&of&Biology&I.& & Review&Worksheet& &Adel,&Anthony,&Kathleen,&Megan,&Dr.&Swigonova& & Page&2&of&14&d. Which&is&more&related&to&Flagellates,&Aquifex&or&Methanobacterium?&&Support&your&answer.&Based&on&the&topology&of&the&tree&and&the&position&of&the&root&between&Achaea&and&Bacteria,&Metanobacterium&and&Flagellates&are&closer&relatives&because&they&share&more&recent&common&ancestor.&&&3. When&a&tiger&and&a&lion&mate&and&reproduce,&the&offspring&is&kn o w n&as &a&liger,&a&very&larg e&hyb rid &of&the&two&species.&Ligers&are&perf e ctl y&h e al th y&a n d&l ive &lon g&lives,&ho w ev er&the y&are&ste rile.&Un de r&wh at&species&would&you&categorize&the&liger&into?&&You&would&not&categorize&the&liger&under&any&species.&In&order&for&something&to&be&considered&a&species&the&organisms&must&have&the&ability&to&interbreed&and&produce&viable&offspring.&The&liger&is&sterile&so&it&cannot&produce&viable&offspring,&thus&it&cannot&be&categorize&as&specie.&&&4. A&student&is&asked&to&give&an&example&of&natural&selection.&He&states,&“Imagine&the&next&ice&age&has&ensued&and,&over&the&span&of&few&years,&a&population&of&wolves&develop&a&thick&coat&of&fur&to&count e r&the&harsh&ice&age&cold.”&The&teach er&tells&him&his&statement&is&not&completely&correct.&Where&did&he&go&wrong?&Explain&how&he&could&have&given&a&better&answer.&A&population&does&not&“develop”&a&tr ai t&i n&r es p on se &to &so me &con ditio n .&Th e&stud en t&cou ld &hav e&said &the&wolves&within&the&pop ulatio n &differed&in&thickness&of&coat&(variation&in&traits)&and&that&the&wolves&with&thicker&coats&were&better&adapted&for&the&cold&weather&so&they&reproduced&more&than&the&wolves&with&the&thinner&coats&so&eventually,&the&thicker&coat&frequency&was&more&common&that&the&thinner&coat.&&&5. Both&Charles&Darwin&and&________________________&were&the&founders&of&the&theory&of&evolution&by&natural&selection,&which&says&that&(populations/individual&organisms)&change&from&generation&to&generation&rather&than&remaining&unchanged&through&time.&&&Answer:&Alfred&Russel&Wallace,&populations&&6. Can&the&theory&of&evolution&be&applied&to&a&single&organism&in&a&population?&Explain&why&or&why&not.&Answer:&No.&Evolution&by&natural&selection&is&only&seen&w h e n &a&p o pu l at io n &of &or g an is m s &ev ol ve &o ve r&time,&enabling&them&to&survive&b etter&in&th eir&en viron m en t.&Org an ism s&w ith&traits &that&allo w &them &to&survive&are&the&organisms&that&are&likely&reproduce&most.&&The&offspring&of&these&organisms&will&then&have&genes&that&allow&them&to&survive&and&reproduce&better&than&other&organisms,&and&these&genes&will&be&passed&on&from&generation&to&generation.&&A&single&organism&cannot&change&its&genes/traits&within&its&lifetime,&therefore&evolution&cannot&be&applied&to&a&single&organism.&However,&natural&selection&itself&does&act&on&individual&organisms&as&certain,&less&“fit”&organisms&are&selected&out&of&the&population,&giving&rise&to&evolution.&&7. A&farmer&has&raised&a&horse&on&organic&corn&a nd &vitamins&to&ensure&the&horse&grows&big&and&strong. &The&horse&is&visibly&more&fit&than&other&horses&and&is&able&to&reproduce&more&efficiently&after&five&years&of&consistently&feeding&this&horse&such&a&wonderful&d ie t. &What&has&occurred?&a. Natural&Selection&b. Evolution&c. Artificial&Selection&d. None&of&the&Above&The&horse&is&simply&healthy&and&more&fit&than&the&other&horses&but&only&in&his&case.&For&natural&selection/artificial&selection&to&occur&it&must&be&within&a&popu la tio n &th a t&v ar y&in &ch a ra ct e ris tic s&that&are&heritable&and&these&heritab le&traits&m us t&help &ind ivid uals &surv ive&or&rep ro du ce&b etter.&&Biosc&0150:&Foundations&of&Biology&I.& & Review&Worksheet& &Adel,&Anthony,&Kathleen,&Megan,&Dr.&Swigonova& & Page&3&of&14&8.