Ramsey, "Jazz Speaks for Life"-Discourages people from listening to music that they enjoy -Music is something that corrupts people, and is connected with the body and pleasure oBad when it is connected to prayer "The Sight of Sound"-In African American music, it is the exact opposite (according to Ramsey) History of Jazz Blues-Aesthetics-New world black musical culture emerged from antagonism (slave trade)-Transported west and central, became an amalgamation -Cohesion built from having a common oppressor (White slave owners)-Took centuries-Not just retention, but a collection of fragments oIt evolves and develops -Variants still exist today-Sonic paradigm for use across a spectrum of genres -Amiri Baraka: "the changing scene" Music and Community -Music making become sites of resistance and community building -Music came to supplement or fill in for other community things that were no longer there Mariah Carey Compilation Biases towards sounds -Ex: people say "I see what you're saying" vs. "I hear what you're saying"-We are always listening, but we don't always reflect on it -What does it mean to listen? -How does listening enable us to dwell and exist in the world? Pre-Lecture Listening: Funerary Sung-Weeping-Sounds like people wailing and emotionally crying-Somber tone to itoDescending melody-Polyphonic - 2+ individual noises happening togetheroCompeting/drowning each other out-People are complaining about the person oCriticaloSaying he wasn't really a good dad/person, etc.oSay that no one would remember him Pre-Lecture listening: Sing with Afternoon Cicadas-First impression: relaxing-The singer is using the cicadas as a pulse/beat to construct a songoIt can come up at times and soften at other timesKaluli People• Live in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea• Population of about 1200• Live in hunting,fishing,and the cultivation of crops o(particularly sweet potatoes, taro, pumpkins)• Fairly egalitarian society,based on obligation and reciprocity• Traditional lifestyle is under threat because of missionaries and industrialists Live in "long houses"-Approximately 20 people-Houses built on stilts to keep them off the ground-Divided into public area and living quarters Acoustemology-Way of knowing the world through sound-Forests are very thick so Kaluli rely on sound much more than sight to navigate their environmentoSometimes can't see more than 2 feet in front of youoThey have to listen more closely -Many sounds in the forest: people, birds, insects, animals, rain, owls, frogs-In rain forests, height and depth are easily confusedoit is difficult to know if a sound is coming from high (in the trees) or far away (deep in the forest)oHave to develop a skillful set of ears to survive and hunt and get food Invisible Sounds in the forest-The forest is home to ane mamaoSpirits of the Kaluli ancestorsoGives a spiritual and magical sense to the forests Birds SongoChildren are trained from an early age to identify these sounds -People who are forced to listen and not see as much hear the sounds of nature and other things aswell-Birds and bird songs become an important link between the natural sounds of the forest and their dead people-As opposed to us; we are much more accustomed to seeing Singing in the forest-Z-Z-ZoCicadas can be eerie and creepy, loud, give a pulse/beatoCan also be a distraction-Depends if you lock in and sing with them-ZoWhether it takes place between joining or imitating The boy who became a muni bird-Commonly told myth among the Kaluli-Z Meaning of the Myth-Z-Z-ZoThe sound of the muni bird is a metaphor that restores their cultural codeoThey are reminded to be kind and generous when they hear this birds sound -They are constantly reminded because this bird is constantly singing and the Kaluli hear it often Singing and Weeping-ZoReciprocal relationship between singing and weeping-ZoMany songs people sing at funerals are imitating the muni bird-ZoIt's a form of expression, not a request -Z-Singing and crying are blurred into each other -Mythology and reality are blurred together Michael Bull's "No Dead Air: the iPod and the Culture of Private Listening -The use of these mobile sound technologies informs us about how users attempt to inhabit the spaces within which they move Private Listening-Linked to recording technologies -Private gramophone listening became much more common in the 20th century -Children typically spend most of their home media use alone in their bedroomsoVisual is more with family and togetheroListening is more alone and private -High FidelityoMocks how people do this so often 1. What are the differences between private "living room/bedroom" listening and mobile listening?a. Private: no distractionsb. Mobile: you can do many other things at the same time 2. To what phrase does "no dead air" refer?a. You are always connected, there is no dead airb. Music never leaves youc. It describes how mobile music is 3. Other than listening through headphones, what kinds of mobile listening are common in the US today?a. RadioUmm Kulthum (1904 - 1975)-Most popular musician of the 20th century? -Father was Imam (Islamic religious leader) oRelationship between religion and secular music-Sang for money from an early age at houses of rich people -Born in a small village but moved to Cairo in 1923 -Acted in 6 films (but gave up acting because of lack of engagement with audience)-Sang secular love songs-It was said that when she sang you could understand every word-In Egyptian music there is a clear emphasis on words and the voice-She learned Quaranic recitation at an early ageoNot considered music but her studies helped her to sing words extremely eloquentlyoSeparate from religion & prayer-Well trained in tajwidoSystem of rules on how to articulate words during recitation-Qualities shard with recitation formed the stable core of her singing styles-She was very tuned to the audience and how they reacted during her songs-Was said to embody the soul of the Egyptian nationoConsidered the "voice of Egypt"-Valued innovation but only in the context of tradition-Her music was temporarily banned after Egyptian independence in 1956oNassar insisted that her music be unbanned bc he did not want to lose the support of the people-Was popular both before the revolution & afteroSang for wealthy families supported by the British Arabic Classical Music-MaqamoModal system in Arabic classical music oDefines available pitches and also