Plasma membrane – (structure common to every cell); creates internal environment that differs from conditions outside the cellProkaryotic:Bacteria and Archaea10x smaller than eukaryotesChromosome:Most prominent structureSingle, circular, consists of large DNA molecule associated with a small number of proteins; contains genesDNA is in “super-coiled” structureNucleoid – found in center of cell; genetic material is not seperated;Plasmids – super coiled DNA outside chromosome; contains genesRibosomes:Cell interiorConsists of RNA molecules and proteinsExtensive Internal MembranesPreform photosynthesisContain enzymes and pigment molecules required for photosynthesis to occurOrganellesMembrane bound compartmentContains enzymes or structures specialized for a specific functionCytoskeletonLong thin fibers that serve a structural role in the cellResearch still occurring as to whether they play a role in the cell or notPlasma MembraneConsists of phospholipid bilayer and proteins that span the bilayer or attach to one sideCytoplasm – contents of the cellCreates internal environment that is distinct from the outside, nonliving environmentAllows the passage of compounds required for life & prohibit entry of dangerous materialFlagella (flagellum):Rotation allows aquatic cells to swim through the waterLocated on the surface of the cellOver 40 different proteins involved in building and controllingCell wall:Tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membraneResists pressure from cell expansionProtects organism and gives it shape/rigidityEukaryotic:Have membrane bound nucleusEukaryaMany are unicellularLarger than prokaryotesSpecific chemicals required for specific chemical reactions are located within a given compartment/organelle2 key advantages:incompatible chemical reactions can be separatedchemical reactions become more efficientNucleus:Contains chromosomes and functions an info storage and processing centerEnclosed by nuclear envelope (complex double membrane)Nuclear lamina – pore-like openings; stiffens the structure and maintains its shapeNucleolus – where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and the large and small ribosomal subunits are assembledRough Endoplasmic Reticulum:Knobby-looking structures are ribosomes that attach to the membraneLumen – the interior of the rough ERProtein manufacturing centerSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumParts of ER that are free of ribosomesContains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipidsManufacturing site for phospholipids used in plasma membranesGolgi apparatusProducts of rough ER pass through Golgi apparatus before they reach final destinationConsists of flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae which are stacked on top of one anotherCis side is closed to rough ER; receives products from rough ERTrans side is oriented toward plasma membrane; ships them out toward cells structureRibosomesCytosol – fluid portion of cytoplasmComplex molecular machines that manufacture proteinsNot surrounded by a membranePeroxisomesGlobular organellesSingle membraneOriginate as buds from the ERCenters for oxidation reactionsGlyoxysomes – in plant leaves; oxidize fat to form a compound that can store energy for the cellThe enzymes found in the peroxisome make a specialized set of oxidation reactions possibleLysosomeFunction as digestive centersInterior (lumen) is acidic because proton pumps in the lysosome membrane import enough hydrogen ions to maintain a pH of 5.0Autophagy – damaged organelles are surrounded by a membrane and delivered into a lysosomePhagocytosis – plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a smaller cell or food particle and engulfs it, forming a structure called a phagosomeReceptor-mediated endocytosis – macromolecules outside cell bind to membrane proteins that act as receptorsEndocytosis – refers to any pinching off the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cellPinocytosis – brings fluid into the cytoplasm via tiny vesicles that form from in foldings of the plasma membraneVacuolesLarge80% of the cells volumemost act as storage depositstored material is water or K+ and Cl-MitochondriaProduces ATPCristae – inner membrane is connected to these sac like structuresMitochondrial matrix – solution inside the inner membraneManufacture their own ribosomesChloroplastsPlant cellsWhere sunlight is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesisDouble membrane around exteriorThylakoids – membrane bound flattened vesiclesGrana – thylakoids stacked like pancakes into pilesStroma – outside thylakoids in the region; certain critical enzymes and substrates are hereThe cell wallPlants, fungi, algaeOutside the plasma membraneFurnishes the stiff, outer layer that provides structural support for the cellLignin – some plants have secondary cell wallCytoskeleton:Extensive system of protein fibersGives the cell its shape and structural stabilityCytoskeleton proteins are involved in moving materials within the cellCh 7 – Inside the Cell 01/31/2012Plasma membrane – (structure common to every cell); creates internal environment that differs from conditions outside the cellProkaryotic:- Bacteria and Archaea- 10x smaller than eukaryotes- Chromosome:o Most prominent structureo Single, circular, consists of large DNA molecule associated with a small number of proteins; contains geneso DNA is in “super-coiled” structureo Nucleoid – found in center of cell; genetic material is not seperated; o Plasmids – super coiled DNA outside chromosome; contains genes- Ribosomes:o Cell interioro Consists of RNA molecules and proteins- Extensive Internal Membraneso Preform photosynthesiso Contain enzymes and pigment molecules required for photosynthesis to occur- Organelleso Membrane bound compartment o Contains enzymes or structures specialized for a specific function- Cytoskeletono Long thin fibers that serve a structural role in the cello Research still occurring as to whether they play a role in the cell or not- Plasma Membraneo Consists of phospholipid bilayer and proteins that span the bilayer or attach to one sideo Cytoplasm – contents of the cello Creates internal environment that is distinct from the outside, nonliving environmento Allows the passage of compounds required for life & prohibit entry of dangerousmaterial- Flagella (flagellum):o Rotation allows aquatic cells to swim through the watero Located on the surface of the cello Over 40 different proteins involved in building