Chapter 6 1 What are proteins made out of a Atoms Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen b Amino acids i Carbon ii Hydrogen iii Amino group iv Acid group v Side group or side chain c Proteins are more complex than carbs or fats 2 What are essential AA Non essential AA Conditionally essential AA a Essential amino acids 9 that the human body cannot make Must be supplied by diet b Nonessential amino acids body can make these out of the essential AA amino acids c Conditionally essential when a non essential becomes an essential 3 Explain denaturation a Protein i Denaturation when proteins are subjected to heat cooking acid in the stomach etc also oxygen heat changes the shape of the protein chain 1 Disruption of stability causes them to uncoil and lose shape a Ex hardening of egg when cooked curdling of milk when add lemon 2 Stomach acid denatures protein in body through digestion 4 Explain the possible health consequences of a high protein diet a Bad for you liver because if you do not drink enough water when you eat protein b Puts strain on liver c You are dehydrated so more thirsty 5 Protein turnover amino acid pool a Amino acid pool all AA pulled together for use from body for energy b Continual production and destruction 6 Amino acid pool pattern is fairly constant a Used for protein production b Used for energy if stripped of nitrogen 7 Explain nitrogen balance Who would be positive and who would be negative a Positive Nitrogen Balance i When the body synthesizes more than it is degrading 1 Ex growing children and teens pregnant women people recovering from an illness growth and development b Negative Nitrogen Balance i When the body is degrading more than it is synthesizing 1 Ex if extremely sick fever burns skin body having to repair tissue c Urine test to check nitrogen balance 8 Explain the conversion of ammonia to urea a Ammonia is a bi product of when everything is broken down it is too basic and combines with carbon dioxide to form urea b Liver where ammonia and carbon dioxide are formed to form urea c Dietary protein the more protein you eat the more ammonia is converted to form urea 9 How do high levels of protein affect those with liver disease Kidney disease a Liver disease i Blood ammonia high b Kidney disease i Blood urea is high 10 What is the RDA for protein a 10 35 Structural Materials proteins form integral parts of most body tissues and provide strength and shape to skin tendons membranes muscles organs and bones Enzymes proteins facilitate chemical reactions Hormones proteins regulate body processes some but not all hormones are proteins Fluid balance proteins help to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids Acid base balance proteins help to maintain the acid base balance of body fluids by acting as buffers around the body Transportation proteins transport substances such as lipids vitamins minerals and oxygen Antibodies proteins provide some fuel and glucose if needed for the body s energy needs Other the protein fibrin creates blood clots the protein collagen forms scars the protein opsin participates in vision Chapter 7 1 Be able to recognize the parts of a cell a Mitochondria powerhouse 2 What are anabolic reactions Catabolic reactions a Anabolic reactions small molecules bind into larger ones b Catabolic reactions large molecules break up into smaller molecules i Requires energy i Releases energy 3 Define a Coenzyme work with enzymes to help them function i Organic ii Associate with enzymes Is NOT a protein iii Without coenzymes an enzyme cannot function iv v Ex Some B vitamins are coenzymes 1 CoQ10 is a coenzyme b Glycolysis anaerobic can be aerobic i 6 carbon glucose is split in these continue along the pathway to become pyruvate 1 1 glucose 2 pyruvate 2 Cells uses 2 ATP to breakdown but then gains 4 so the net is 2 3 Hydrogen atoms carried to electron transport chain 4 Pyruvate can be converted back into glucose c Pyruvate i Quick energy needs anaerobic 1 Pyruvate to lactate a Energy is quick but not sustainable think sprinting b Pyruvate accepts hydrogens i Converts pyruvate to lactate c Produces ATP quickly i Mitochondrial ability mitochondria cannot handle this so it moves on to muscles d Accumulation of lactate in muscles i Effects actually improved performance 2 Cori cycle recycling of lactate to glucose in liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle ii Slower energy needs you don t need energy immediately aerobic 1 Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 2 Energy is produced more slowly but you get a larger yield that lasts longer 3 Pyruvate enters mitochondria of cell a ONLY if oxygen is available meaning that you are not requiring a lot of energy at the time 4 Carbon is removed becomes carbon dioxide 5 2 carbon compounds joins with CoA becoming Acetyl CoA its irreversible a aerobic activity requires oxygen b so it only becomes Acetyl CoA if oxygen is available 6 Acetyl CoA pathways 4 What are the products of the TCA cycle Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain a Glycolosis i Products 1 2 pyruvate 2 2 ATP b TCA Cycle i Products 1 Carbon dioxide 2 8 electrons that are released to ETC c Electron Transport Chain i Products 1 ATP 2 Water 3 Carbon dioxide 5 How many molecules of ATP are made from one molecule of glucose a 1 molecule glucose 32 ATP 6 How many molecules of ATP do you get from a fatty acid a 1 fatty acid 129 ATP 7 What percentage of food energy is converted to ATP a 50 of food energy is converted 8 What is binge drinking a 4 5 drinks within an hour 9 How much do college students typically drink a Median weekly number is 1 5 drinks per week for college 10 What are some health consequences of chronic alcohol abuse a Third leading preventable cause of death in U S b Heart disease c Liver disease aka fatty liver 11 Anabolism small molecule builds into large ones 12 Catabolism large molecules break up into smaller molecules a Requires energy a Releases energy Chapter 8 1 Hunger 2 Satiation 3 Satiety Physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers Can be triggered by variety of reasons last meal climate hormones illness Hungers determined when what and how much to eat Appetite tells a person to eat or not to eat feeling of satisfaction that occurs during a meal and halts eating Determines how much food is consumed during a meal feeling of fullness and satisfaction that happens after a meal inhibits eating until next meal Determines how much time passes between meals 4 Thermogenesis generation of heat Energy is expended for 4 reasons
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