An Overview of Nutrition Chapter One What is diet The way you eat Losing weight Exercise All food and beverages eaten Important because keeps body healthy but could make your body unhealthy What you do over time matters and could lead to chronic disease Biggest killers in us are nutrition related Nutrition the study of human behaviors related to food and eating OR the science of the nutrients in foods and their actions within the body Food Choices Availability advertisement background family convenience allergies body image personal choice Socially eat more with people Very influenced by family Influence kids and their diets Elderly population influenced bc helps them eat more Food deserts no farmers markets are in inner cities economy influenced Pregnancy can positively or negatively influence associations Emotions could make you eat more Ramadan is a religious value that alters eating being kosher GMO Functional Food Have a function beyond what intended Quick and easy to grab Good for performance EX OJ with calcium probiotic chocolate Phytochemical is a compound in food that offers benefits in body and has functions rainbow of colors of fruits and vegetables FOOD PROVIDES US WITH Energy capacity to do work the body converts chemical energy from food Nutrients chemical substances obtained from food that the body uses to support growth maintenance and repair of the body s tissues provides energy Water carbohydrates lipids fat proteins vitamins minerals 6 classes of nutrients Inorganic Nutrients do not contain carbon Minerals Simplest of nutrients Chemical element Do not yield energy 16 minerals essential in human nutrition Water Lipids Carbs Vitamins Calcium phosphorus sodium chloride magnesium and sulfate major minerals Trace minerals iron iodine zinc chromium selenium fluoride molybdenum copper and manganese Indestructible Causes of mineral losses from food include processing refining However can be bound by substances that interfere with the body s ability to absorb them Next simplest nutrient A compound made of two elements hydrogen and oxygen Nearly all body activities are conducted by water Makes up largest part of body around 60 higher in men lower in athletes Organic Nutrients contain carbon technically means they are living Protein found in muscle skin and help regulate digestion energy metabolism nitrogen also a part Complete Protein has all amino acids EX animal products quinoa soy Can put whole grains together with legumes to create the complete protein vegetarians Organic but don t provide energy Facilitate release of energy from fat carbs and protein almost every bodily action requires assistance from vitamins Each of the 13 vitamins has a special role to play Water soluble vitamins vitamin C and vitamin B thiamin riboflavin niacin vitamins B6 and B12 folate biotin and pantothenic acid short term storage Fat Soluble vitamins A D E and K long term storage Vitamins only work while intact They are vulnerable to destruction by heat light and chemical agents Essential Nutrients found in food needed from outside the body example of nutrient made in the body VITAMIN D through the sun but not enough Energy yielding Nutrients Carbs Fat and Protein Macronutrients needed in large amounts grams daily EX 81 calories Amount of energy in food depends on macronutrient composition just figured that out CHO PRO FAT 2 7 5 x4 x4 x9 8 28 45 Using nutrients for energy o Breaking of bonds o Storage of excess energy Metabolism the process often perceived as how fast you digest food Minerals Vitamins are sometimes called Micronutrients needed in small amounts milligrams o Materials for building body tissues o Regulation of bodily activities or micrograms daily Calories units that measure energy Usually shortened means kcals which are 1000 calorie metric units When completely broken down a gram of carbs yields about 4 kcals of energy gram of protein yields 4 kcals a gram of fat yields 9 kcals Only Non nutrient that provides energy alcohol yields 7 kcals g Non nutrients fibers some could be carbs phytochemicals pigments additives alcohols Energy Density a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food kcal per gram High density helps with weight gain low density helps with weight loss Alcohol contributes energy but is not a nutrient because it doesn t sustain life It interferes with growth maintenance and repair of the body Most foods have more than one nutrient except sugar pure carbs and oil pure fat The science of nutrition has foundation in other sciences like biology biochemistry physiology Genome the complete set of genetic material in an organism or cell Mom mouse has gene for color of mouse to be yellow and mouse to be obese during pregnancy if fed certain nutrients mouse is yellow and obese when fed other nutrients baby mouse is brown and not Food makes the switch in the gene Sequencing of human genome has had tremendous growth The integration of genomics and nutrition is called Nutritional Genomics which is the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease If you have 24 lights in your house are your lights on NO NEED ELECTRICITY if it is dark out want light but if it is light out it s a waste Cancer gene don t want it activated hair color doesn t make a difference 1 3 is stuff that you know study from textbook Epidemiological Studies research the incidence distribution and control of disease in a population observational Cross Sectional Studies a slice in time right now Case Control Studies get a group of people that are very similar to see why someone has something that someone else lacks Cohort Studies comparison or correlation Benefits based on real humans on the spot results analyze a lot of data Experimental Studies test cause and effect relationships between variables Laboratory based animal studies not realistic mice have such a short life span so results can happen really quickly Laboratory base in vitro studies not realistic Clinical trial children v adults Benefits controlled Con ethical restraints can t apply to all humans Correlation is positive when both rise both fall negative when one rises and the other falls or has no correlation Favorite word is MAY do something Publishing Research Peer Review other people in the field review to see if the research was done properly o Research has validity evidence supports conclusions Findings are preliminary when published
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