CHD Test 1 Chapters 1 4 Chapter 1 3 areas of development biological physical cognitive and social emotional Periods of development infancy early childhood middle and late childhood adolescence Continuous or discontinuous Some theories see development as continuous while other theories see development as discontiinous stage theories Continuous development happens gradually adding more and more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with Discontinuous development is a process in which new ways of thinking emerges at specific times see Piaget s theory Nature and nurture Nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance such as genes Nurture refers to environmental experiences example family Always a combination of both that influence development Theories of Child Development 1 Psychoanalytic focuses on social emotional development a Freud stage theorist what happens in childhood is important to who you become as adult b Erikson learned from Freud took a more positive view stage theorist what happens in childhood is important to who you become as an adult but you can go back and fix things that hurt you as a child 2 Cognitive focused on the brain learning and thinking a Piaget stage theorist said children think differently from adults and are active in constructing knowledge b Vygotsky not a stage theorist learning happens within a social c context believed children were active in learning Information Processing not a stage theorist mind is like a computer we manipulate information monitor it and strategize about it 3 Behavioral and Social Cognitive a Pavlov classical conditioning b Operant Conditioning rewards and punishments shape development not focused on thoughts and feelings but on outward behavior c Bandura s social cognitive theory focuses on observational learning we acquire a wide range of behaviors thoughts and feelings from observing others 4 Ethological behavior is strongly influenced by biology there are sensitive periods when we are prepared to learn something more easily than other times 5 Ecological emphasizes environmental factors a Bronfenbrenner 5 environmental systems influence development you can t understand people outside their environment Research methods Observation use trained observers to systematically study behavior Survey and interview ask people for information quick and easy Case study an in depth look at one person Research Designs Correlational examines how two variables are related Experimental used to study causality have experimental receives the treatment and control groups with random assignment to each Longitudinal same individuals studied over a long period of time Cross sectional individuals of different ages are compared over time Research right protection from harm informed consent privacy knowledge of results beneficial treatments Time span Research Challenges Chapter 2 Boy or girl XX chromosomal make up for girl XY chromosomal makeup for boy Evolutionary Psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation reproduction and the survival of the fittest Evolution shapes our decision making example men with good spatial reasoning skills have survived throughout history because they are better able to go off and find food and then find their way back home again Genes and chromosomes Genotype actual genetic material Phenotype the way genotype is expressed Example you might have a gene for blond hair genotype but because you also have a dominant gene for brown hair that is what is seen the brown hair your phenotype Dominant and recessive dominant genes override recessive ones You must have both recessive genes for a particular trait for that to be expressed Polygenic inheritance most traits are determined by more than one single gene or pair of genes This concept means that there are many influences and interactions among genes Genomic imprinting alleles are imprinted or chemically marked in a way that one pair member is activatged regardless of its makeup Most times human characterstics follow the rules of dominant recessve inheritance Somtiems they don t that is because of genomic imprinting Chromosomal and Gene linked abnormalities Chromosomal Down s syndrome Gene linked PKU sickle cell anemia Prenatal tests Sex linked chromosomal abnormalities Fragile X Turners syndrome 1 Ultrasound high frequency sound waves are directed at the woman s abdomen noninvasive gives information about structural abnormalities of the fetus Fetal MRI uses a magnet and radio images to generate pictures of the 2 organs CVS 9 12 weeks a small sample of the placenta is removed more 3 invasive small risk of limb deformity Can detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities Amniocentesis 14 20 weeks a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn 4 and analyzed Small risk of miscarriage can detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities Maternal blood screening 16 18th week identifies elevated risk of birth 5 defects like spina bifida and Down s syndrome An abnormal test is followed with a ultrasound and then possibly 6 cells in the mother s blood Infertility and reproductive technology Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis separate fetal cells from the maternal 10 15 of couples in US are infertile means they have been unable to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception Can rest with the man too few sperm low sperm motility or woman not ovulating fallopian tubes are blocked embryo won t implant in the uterus In Vitro Fertilization IVF most common egg is fertilized in a laboratory dish Problems with reproductive technology multiple pregnancies low birth weight Adoption an alternative How do adopted children turn out Early adoption leads to better outcomes than children who are adopted when they are older Adopted children are more likely to experience psychological and school related problems than non adopted children There are also positive characteristics of adopted children more engaged in prosocial behavior altruistic caring In general adopted children adjust effectively Much better adjustment for children who are adopted vs those who are in long term foster care or in institutionalized care Behavior genetics Twin studies we observe identical twins genetically identical compared with fraternal twins no more similar than siblings to see the effect of genes vs the environment Adoption studies look to see if adopted children are more like their biological parents the influence of genes or more like their adopted parents the influence of the
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