Intro Definitions A Sport Test 1 Modern term first used in England around A D 1440 Origin if the word is Latin and French In French the word de s porter has its roots in the Latin word desportare which means to amuse oneself Grew throughout England referring to competition in the form of games individual athletic exploits and hunting All sport is play but not all play is sport Work is the highest level of participation in sports o a Professional athletes May not fit into a universally accepted definition because of factors such as religion social class and historical period General definition will include the following characteristics o Continuity refers to the longevity of the game Over a period of time Division of roles o Dynamic interaction with an audience o Supporting establishment Higher levels saying what s acceptable and what is not One person s sport may be another s work o Hunting for fun vs hunting for survival B Play Has three fundamental characteristics Play is intrinsically motivated Play involves the temporary suspension of normal typical reality Has fewer rules Play involves internal locus of control People believe that they have control over their actions and their outcomes while they are playing Is the most fundamental C Game Somewhat more organized effort at play where the organized and playful elements of the activity become more evident Formal Definitions a play which has explicit rules the element of opposition or contest recognizable boundaries in time and sometimes in space and a sequence of actions which is essentially repeatable every time the game is played Philosophies of the Modern World A Based on a monist dualist view of reality The mind and the body are one B Pragmatism First to reject dualism Regard school as a social institution where the child gains real experiences of actual life which develop in him social sense and a sense of duty towards society and the nation Late 1800 s and early 1900 s argues that humans are embodies entities This means that the mind or spirit is of the body and that mind and body are integrated into one entity The possibility of studying the human body and other aspects of the human body condition becomes much easier Create knowledge of how the body functions under physiological stress and what physical forces shape the body and control movement and use all other methods of science to understand human movement B Existentialism Begins with the belief that the individual is at the center everything outside the individual is evaluated by the individual Each individual creates him herself through choices and experiences and that a person is the sum of all Each person should have opportunity to make choices and decisions individual will personally determine what value an activity or experience holds The individual is responsible for his her own actions and behavior D There is not a single philosophy that explains the mind body relationship or a single approach to sport and physical education E We can expect more changes in the future As our society and culture changes so will our philosophies Greece Influence 02 06 2014 No other civilization embraced athletic competition and intellectual development as did the ancient Greeks Influence for this foundation is from Egyptians the people of Crete and possibly the Phoenicians Middle East The extent of the influence is unclear Various athletic contests and games were carried to maintain Greece by merchant sailors from distant lands Philosophical Positions of the Body Both held the mind in high esteem but they differed on the position and importance of the body Two opposing ideas of thought o Naturalistic Man should have a balance program harmonious balance among spiritual intellectual and physical Both physical education and intellectual education should be incorporated o Antinatualistic Held the physical education was a servant to the Ancient Greece The Birth of Western Civilization intellectual process 776BC 400AD Extremely advances society First Dominant culture in Europe Homer s Iliad and Odyssey o Iliad Funeral games of Petroclus o Odyssey Odysseus proving self he threw a discus o Greece valued athleticism very much o Athlete One who competes for a prize Athlos contest Athlon prize Greek Ideal Arete strove for Sparta o Unity of man of action and a man of wisdom o All around physical mental moral individual excellence one o Military discipline oriented society o Education focused on preparation of boys for military Began at age 7 for boys and girls While men trained to fight in the military women were trained to be sturdy and healthy enough for child bearing o Goal to rule all of Greece o Individual Goal To become a warrior o Babies were examined at birth and if the were insufficient they left the baby to die o Men dominated Olympic competitions in the early days o Always preparing for war o Embracers of the Greek Ideal o Society reflected dual emphasis on intelligence and physical o Highly valued the physical look exercise The chisel look and what not o It was important to be beautiful and harmonious o Advanced the furthest towards democracy o Philosophers were always gathered around the Gym Athens o Always preparing for war o Educational System Primarily for the upper class boys More rounded in all subjects than Sparta Gymnasium Palaestra where athletes trained Nothing for the girls The Ancient Olympic Games 776BC 393 AD o between soldiers as they trained or waited for battle Informal contests Funeral Games o The Wreath Games o At Olympia o Called Olympia o Prize was an Olive Secular Games o Initially held in over 300 cities primarily for entertainment The Ancient Olympics Purpose and Context Largest in the set of religious festivals o Honored Zeus o Part of Pagan culture Held every four years late summer in Olympia o Olympia was not a city but was considered a holy place The physical competition was not always the main focus Any wars going on in between city states ceased to allow safe passage for travelers The Ancient Olympics Competitors and Winners Participants o Greeks males trained and competed in the nude o Spoke the same language and had the same religious beliefs o Upper class men mainly o The men took an oath that they had trained for at least 10 months o Had to prove that they had no criminal record Women Widows o Only unmarried women could attend o They had to see the cream of the crop o Story goes that a widow snuck into the games to see her son play She dressed