TEST 3 Chapters 9 10 12 13 Not responsible for the last sections of chapter 9 early childhood education Cognitive Development o Piaget Sensorimotor stage Developing schemas to solve physical problems o Mental plans to solve problems Children solve problems impulsively don t premeditate By age 2 children begin to start thinking about problems Symbolic reasoning o Children construct images in the mind that construct objects and actions in the real world Preoperational stage 4 5 years long o Takes years to be efficient Some children think before they act by preschool o Reflective approach Impulsive people make a lot of errors and mistakes Children s first symbols are mental images not words Centration o A constraint on children s perspective o Children focus on details and don t see the big picture Affects visual auditory and haptic touch perceptions o Children clump together their snapshots and that becomes their concept of the situation Syncretism Creates a pre concept that doesn t really make sense o The beginning of a symbolic representation of the situation Transductive reasoning o When a child has a pre concept and thinks with it o Lacks adult logic Has a form of logic based on the child s understanding Limitations on preschoolers ability to logically learn about their world o Egocentricity o Irreversibility Inability to take someone else s perspective Can think their way forward but not their way back Taking things apart but can t put them back together o Failure to conserve Can t conserve mass of a substance o Failure to distinguish between appearance and reality Putting on a mask Approach to research Sit down with children and start talking to them and see where it went from there Not carefully controlled o American psychologists under controlled circumstances o Information processing theory A computer processes information Brought Piaget s work into a laboratory to study interactions Input systems short term memory long term storage analytics or applications to analyze systems and output systems The mind has the same functions o Studying children Perceptions are random at first Later become more logical and sophisticated Children actively seek information Unlike computers who wait passively for information Now computers are becoming more active in seeking information o Memory systems Short term memory Ability to remember things for 20 or 30 seconds If nothing is done with the information it will be forgotten If the information is important then it can be put in long term memory Pre schoolers Pick up a lot of random information Don t select important information well A lot of information comes into short term memory but very little goes to long term memory Very event oriented o If something happens that is meaningful and important to them it helps organize their memory and put information into long term storage Not good at remembering daily activities not an important event Fail to use strategies that help them store information o Rehearsal of information visualization etc o Elaboration Making remembering fun putting numbers to music making images o Chunking numbers o Organization Grouping pieces of information phone Organizing information into relevant groups animals vehicles Recall Recognition The ability to spontaneously remember information from long term memory Fill in the blank or essay tests The ability to remember information from long term memory with visual or auditory cues Multiple choice tests Learning disability Failure for a person to perform at the same level as their peers Social and emotional development o Mildred Parton Observing kids in a free play environment Categories of children Unoccupied Onlookers o Not doing anything o Watching others play Parallel play o Playing next to someone else but not interacting with them Associative play Cooperative play o Some interaction sharing but not cooperating o Taking on roles and differentiating roles working together themes of play dramatic play Is there social engagement in babies around 10 months old o Yes Babies will crawl to other babies and smile or make sounds Some babies were more popular than other babies o There s a lot of individual variation in how social kids are By 2 years old kids are very social o Social preference Appears around 2 years old Have favorite likes and dislikes for other kids Not very stable at first can change daily By 2 5 3 years old Likes and dislikes become more predictable and stable Likes and dislikes begin to organize behavior o Studying social relationships Sociometric test Measuring social behavior Take a group of kids and take pictures of them individually same facial expression Test kids separately by gender o Gender segregation in play begins very early Interview the kids one at a time o Point to the kid you like to play with the most o Point to the kid you like to play with second most o Point to the kid you like to play with third most o Point to the kid you don t like to play with the o Point to the kid you don t like to play with second o Point to the kid you don t like to play with third most most most Add up all the points each child gets o Positive votes and negative votes Correlate number of votes positive or negative with other behaviors o Prosocial behavior o Aggression Sharing People who share are generally more popular among peers Take teachers away and watch what happens People who are aggressive are generally less popular among peers Social status categories o Kids can move from category to category Becomes more unlikely as age increases Early intervention can be helpful Increasing social skills o Popular kids Lots of positive votes and no negative votes o Rejected kids No positive votes and lots of negative votes o Neglected kids Disabled kids are very likely to be rejected No positive votes and no negative votes 2 kinds of neglected kids One group hates not being in the social network o Don t have many social skills o Want some form of interaction o Hates the world they live in o Suicidal ideation in very young children too o Negative outcome in the future Stayed neglected or became rejects o Have social skills but would rather be by themselves Fine with working when others when required to o o Pretty positive future outcome One group is made up of loners o Average kids o Controversial kids Small equal number of positive and negative votes Lots of positive votes and lots of negative votes Some kids like them and some kids hate them Third party entry
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