Slide 1AustralopithecinesSlide 3EpochsSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Epochs: Tertiary / QuaternarySlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Early HominidsSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64HominidsSlide 66Slide 67Slide 68Family: Hominids (Hominidae)Slide 70Slide 71TaxonomySlide 73Problem: SpeciesSlide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Problem: InterpretationSlide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Problem: GapsSlide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - PresentSlide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100MethodsSlide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Slide 111Slide 112Selected Major Discoveries / Events, Ca. 1850 - PresentSlide 114Slide 115Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Slide 119Slide 120Slide 121Slide 122Slide 123Slide 124Slide 125Slide 126Slide 127Slide 128Slide 129Slide 130Slide 131Slide 132Slide 133Slide 134Slide 135Slide 136Slide 137Slide 138Slide 139Slide 140Slide 141Slide 142Slide 143Slide 144Misc. NotesSlide 146Slide 147Slide 148Slide 149Slide 150Slide 151Slide 152Slide 153Slide 154Slide 155Slide 156Slide 157Slide 158Slide 159AustralopithecusSlide 161Slide 162Slide 163Early Hominids IISlide 165Slide 166Slide 167Slide 168Slide 1693.5 mya Australopithecus suggesting our ancestorswere less chimp-like than we thoughtAustralopithecinesAustralopithecines•Australopithecines . . . –including Paranthropus . . . (aka Australopithecus robustus)are also known as“Plio - Pleistocene hominids”Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 183Plio - Pleistocene hominid = AustralopithecusEpochsEpochsincluding the “Ice Ages”note climactic changeJohn E. Pfeiffer, The Emergence of Man, 4th ed. (NY: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 101.Campbell – Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 327AustralopithecusHomohabilisHomo erectusHomo sapiensAustralopithecusHomohabilisHomo erectusHomo sapiensNeandertals“Moderns”Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 183Plio - Pleistocene hominid = AustralopithecusCampbell – Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 429Epochs: Epochs: Tertiary / QuaternaryTertiary / QuaternaryEpochs: Epochs: Tertiary / QuaternaryTertiary / Quaternary began (m.y.a.) Holocene 0.01  (Villafranchian) 1.6 Pleistocene 1.8 Pliocene 5Time 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesTime 23 July 2001Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 248“Taung Child”“Lucy”Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesTime 23 July 2001, p. 57.Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 mya23 July 2001Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 myaTime, 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesTime 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesTime 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesTime 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesAustralopithecus garhi, 2.5 mya3 May 1999Time 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001“saggital crest”Time 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001Time 23 July 2001Early HominidsEarly Hominids•Orrorin•Ardipithecus•Australopithecus•Paranthropus•tugenensis•ramidus•anamensis•afarensis•africanus•garhi•aethiopicus•boisei•robustusGenus SpeciesHominidsHominidsFamily•Hominids(Hominidae)Genus•Australopithecus . . . •Paranthropus . . .•Homo . . .SubfamilySubfamilyHominidsHominidsFamily•Hominids(Hominidae)Genus•Australopithecus . . . •Paranthropus . . .•Homo . . .Subfamily^Family:Family: Hominids Hominids ((HominidaeHominidae))Subfamily•Australopithecines•HomininesGenus•Australopithecus . . .•Paranthropus . . .•Homo . . .AustralopithecinesAustralopithecinesAustralopithecus robustusParanthropus robustus=AustralopithecinesAustralopithecinesHomo habilis“Advanced” Australopithecus=TaxonomyTaxonomyandLumpersDon’t forget aboutSplittersCampbell – Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 236Problem: SpeciesProblem: SpeciesBack to the problem of what is aspeciesHumankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 418ABXZNCProblem: SpeciesProblem: SpeciesBack to the problem of what is aspecies . . .range of variationThe Guiness Book of Records”The Most DissimilarCouple in the World”Wife: 2’ 11½”Husband: 6’ 2”They met on the internet-- The Maury Show, 27 April 1999"Commodore" NuttPhineas T. BarnumProblem: InterpretationProblem: InterpretationProblem:interpretationTurnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 254.Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 259Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 259Problem: GapsProblem: GapsProblems:gaps in the recordsite overlapUnderstanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246HominidsHominids“The Transvaal Hominids”Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p.