Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Slide Number 48Slide Number 50Slide Number 51Slide Number 52Slide Number 54Slide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62Slide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Important People / WorksSlide Number 70Slide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Misconceptions of Darwin’s WorkMisconceptions of Darwin’s WorkSlide Number 80Important People / WorksSlide Number 82Slide Number 83Important People / WorksSlide Number 85Slide Number 86Slide Number 87Slide Number 88Slide Number 89Slide Number 90Prehistoric CulturesGregor Johann Mendel (1822 - 1884) © 2010-2013http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/ © 2010-2013Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 11th ed., p. 48 Important People / Works Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 - 1884)Gregor Mendel Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 50some basic terms . . .genetically determined traits e.g., eye color “inherited characteristics” 11th Ed. p. 56 Glossarylearned traits e.g., the ability to write “acquired characteristics” Glossaryan earlier theory stating that offspring receive a combination of all characteristics of each parent through the mixture of their “bloods” blending inheritance Glossaryan outmoded theory superseded by Mendelian genetics blending inheritance Glossaryphysical traits are inherited as “particles” • Mendel did not know what the particles were • today they’re recognized as particles like chromosomes and DNA particulate inheritance Glossarychromosomes discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cellsThe cell’s three dimensional nature Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 39A model of a human chromosome Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 44genotype phenotype Glossarygenotype phenotype Glossaryphenotype • the observable physical characteristics of an organism • the things you can see • the detectable expressions of genotypes Glossary“Some examples of phenotypic variation among Africans.” San (South African) Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 76“Some examples of phenotypic variation among Africans.” San (South African) Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 76genotype phenotype Glossarygenotype •includes genetic items you can not see GlossaryUnderstanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 51 Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes gametes are “reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes”Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 51Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 51Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 51Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 50Gregor MendelThe traits Mendel studied in peas Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 49The traits Mendel studied in peas Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 49www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/rick/genetics1/mendel.htmlConceptos básicos : Mendel: Experiment 1 Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes and their proportions in the F2 generation. AA aa Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53Conceptos básicos : Mendel: Experiment 1 Aa Aa Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes and their proportions in the F2 generation. Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB195-2007/Lecture02/Lecture02.html 3:1 ratio of Yellow : Green in F2Results of crosses when only one trait at a time is considered Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 49Conceptos básicos : Mendel: Experiment 1 Genotypes and phenotypes in the F1 generation. AA + aa Aa + Aaaa AAaa AA AaAa Aa+ aa AA + 2 Aa25% + 50% + 25% AA Aa aa75% AA or Aa 25% aaPunnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes and their proportions in the F2 generation. Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 51Think-Quest: Introduction to Genetics 75% 25% Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypes and their proportions in the F2 generation.dominant describing a genetic trait governed by an allele (one of a group of genes) that can be expressed in the presence of another, different allele GlossaryConceptos básicos : Mendel: Experiment 1 Genotypes and phenotypes in the F1 generation.recessive describing a genetic trait that is not expressed in heterozygotes Aa Tt Glossaryfor a recessive allele to be expressed, there must be two copies of the allele, i.e., the individual must be homozygous aa tt recessive Glossaryhttp://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB195-2007/Lecture02/Lecture02.html Crosses with Two traitssex-linked trait traits carried by genes located on the X or Y sex chromosomes genetically normal females: XX genetically normal males: XY Glossarysex-linked trait • most X-linked characteristics are recessive in females • which means that unless they are present on both X chromosomes of a female, the trait is carried but not expressed Glossary•males, with only one X chromosome, more commonly exhibit such traits phenotypically •e.g. hemophilia •e.g. red-green color blindness sex-linked trait Glossaryhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8297467.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8297467.stmhttp://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1008/2perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/howard/BIO101/DNA&translation/sld002.htmDiana brie.medlabscience.med.ualberta.ca/de/genetics/70gen-hemophil.html “Kate” Middletonsex-linked trait aka “Holandric Inheritance” •Y-linked traits, which are directly involved with determining maleness, are manifested only by males •known examples are rare but probably include the long hairs on the ear rims of some adult