Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Theory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 47Slide Number 48Slide Number 49Slide Number 50Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 54Slide Number 55Theory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 57Slide Number 58Theory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62Slide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Slide Number 69Slide Number 70Slide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Slide Number 78Slide Number 79Slide Number 80Slide Number 81Slide Number 82Slide Number 83Slide Number 84Slide Number 85Slide Number 86Slide Number 87Slide Number 88Slide Number 89Slide Number 90Slide Number 91Slide Number 92Slide Number 94Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 102Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionSlide Number 106Slide Number 107Slide Number 108Slide Number 109Slide Number 110Slide Number 111Slide Number 112Slide Number 113Theory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionTheory of Natural SelectionMutationSlide Number 119Slide Number 120Slide Number 121Slide Number 122http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/ © 2010-2013http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/ © 2010-2013Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) • Origin of Species 1859 • Descent of Man 1871 Important People / WorksCharles Darwin as a young man Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 30Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 26 Charles Darwin five years before publication of Origin of SpeciesThe Darwin home, Down House, in the village of Down Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 28Charles Darwin Journey on The Beagle 1831 - 1836 Journey on The Beagle 1831 - 1836In 1839 Charles Darwin married his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood • Daughter of the younger Josiah Wedgwood, son of the Josiah Wedgwood who founded the pottery works • Darwin's mother Susannah was the sister of his wife’s fatherThe route of the HMS Beagle Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 27 1831 1835http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2415261.stmwww.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.htmlBeak variation in Darwin’s Galápagos finches Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 28Beak variation in Darwin’s Galápagos finches Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 27www.honoluluzoo.org/galapagos_tortoise.htmwww.news.com.au/story/0,10117,16864720-13762,00.htmlnews.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5109342.stmWhy would God make a separate species for each island? Eventually Darwin asked the question:Theory of Natural Selection • Observation 1 Without environmental pressures, every species tends to multiply in geometric progression (Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798, and others)• population, when unchecked, grows in a geometric ratio • population, if unchecked, the human population will double every 25 years because of geometric progression •1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. . . . Theory of Natural Selection• Arithmatic (+2) 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 8 -- 10 -- 12 -- n • Geometric (X 2) 2 -- 4 -- 8 -- 16 -- 32 -- 64 -- n Theory of Natural SelectionPotential exponential increase of populations = “superfecundity” (Thomas Malthus, 1798 and others) Theory of Natural SelectionThomas Malthus Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 24http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6287228.stmwww.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september00/article3.htmlwww.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/news/local/14423504.htm02 July 2002 news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0702_020702_snakehead.htmlDuluth News Tribune, Thursday 19 September, 2002, 2A In 2 years 2 snakeheads bred to 1000+ in a 4-acre pondIn 2 years 2 snakeheads bred to 1000+ in a 4-acre pond Duluth News Tribune, Thursday 14 October, 2004 p. 2D p. 5D• Observation 2 But under field conditions, although fluctuations occur frequently, the size of a population remains remarkable constant over long periods of time (Source: Universal observations) Theory of Natural Selectionublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/Isle.htmlhttp://www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/news/local/14064838.htmxxx Isle Royale moose, wolf continue decline TREND CONTINUES: The battle between predator and prey on Lake Superior’s largest island is turning out to be a lose-lose situation this winter as wolf and moose numbers continue a downward spiral.xxx Isle Royale moose, wolf continue decline John Myers Duluth News Tribune - 03/08/2007 The battle between predator and prey on Lake Superior’s largest island is turning out to be a lose-lose situation this winter as wolf and moose numbers continue a downward spiral. Isle Royale moose numbers crashed another 15 percent from the 2006 record low level of 450, at just 385 animals. Wolf numbers declined nearly one-third, from 30 to 21. Moose on the island are dying for a variety of reasons, including hot summers, infestations of ticks and relentless hunting pressure from remaining wolves, said John Vucetich, an assistant professor at Michigan Technological University in Houghton who helped conduct this winter’s survey. With fewer moose to eat, wolves are battling and killing each other over the right to the remaining moose.• Observation 3 Limits are placed on population expansion by limited environmental resources (Source: observations reinforced by Malthus) Theory of Natural Selection• Conclusion 1 Therefore not all organisms will survive to adulthood