Page 1Page 2Page 3Page 4Page 5Page 6Kingdom =Animalia '' Phylum =Chordata '' Subphylum =Vertebrata '' Class =Mammalia '' Order =Primates130-132 I. PARTIAL TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF PREHISTORIC AND CONTEMPORARY PRIMATES176-187197-198/Lab 7.II.Suborder Infraorder Superfamily Family Genus Species Common NameProsimii [tree shrew = insectivore](Strepsirhini) lemur132-134 aye-aye188-191 loris and bush babytarsier Anthropoidea Platyrrhini *Parapithecus (basal anthropoid)(Haplorhini) 134-136 *Apidium (basal anthropoid)134-138 Ceboidea New World monkey 188-191 Catarrhini *Propliopithecus (basal catarrhine)136-138 *Aegyptopithecus (basal catarrhine)Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Old World monkey124-126 Macaca macaquePapio baboon Colobidae Colobus colobus monkeyPresbytis langur Hominoidea *Proconsulidae *Proconsul138-143191-193 Lab 7. II. D.*Oreopithecidea *Oreopithecus Hylobatidae Hylobates gibbon *Pliopithecidae *Pliopithecus Pongidae *Dryopithecus *dryopithecus*Sivapithecus *ramapithecus*kenyapithecus*ouranopithecus*GigantopithecusPongo orangutan Panidae Pan traglodytes chimpanzeePan paniscus bonobo (“pygmy chimpanzee”)Pan ? Gorilla gorilla Mountain gorillaGorilla Western lowland g. 202-204 Hominidae *Ardipithecus *ramidus213-218228-237 *Australopithecus1*anamensis241-245 *afarensis Lucy / First FamilyLab 8 *africanus southern ape*garhi*[aka Paranthropus]1*aethiopicus*boisei Zinj*robustus*Kenyanthropus *platyops 237-238 Homo1*rudolfensis ER-1470 245-247 *habilis human Ch. 11 *erectus Java / Peking “Man” Lab 10 sapiens Mary / John Chs. 12-13 Lab 12An * marks groups known only through fossils. Compare: FIGURE 6-7 Primate taxonomic classification, p. 131FIGURE 6-8 Revised partial classification of the primates, p. 132FIGURE 8-1 Classification chart, modified from Linnaeus p. 177FIGURE 8-15 Major events in early primate evolution, p. 191Virtual Lab 1, section II, parts A-D Primate Classification1(Note: Australopithecus and Paranthropus make up a “Subfamily” called Australopithecinae, more commonly known asAustralopithecines. The genus Homo is in the “subfamily” called Homininae, more commonly known as Hominine.)Prehistoric and Contemporary Primates, page 2II. A COMPARISON OF APES AND HUMANSCharacteristic Gibbons Orangutan Chimpanzee Gorilla Human(Hylobatidae) (Pongo pygmaeus) (Pan troglodytes) (Gorilla gorilla) (Homo sapiens)Number of species 4 species 1 species 2 (or 3?) species 1 (or 2?) species 1 species15 subspecies 2 subspecies 3 (or 2?) Subspecies 2 (or 1?) subspeciesAverage Height 2.3 ft 4.8 ft (male) 5.0 ft (male) 6.0 ft (male) 5.6-5.8 ft (male)3.0 ft (female) 4.3 ft (female) 4.3 ft (female) 4.11 to 5.3 ft (female)Average Weight 11 to 24 lbs. 82 to 179 lbs. 73 to 132 lbs. 150 to 450 lbs. 146-200 lbs. (male)100-126 lbs. (female)Female body 94% 46% 78% 51% 81%weight as % ofmale body weightSocial Unit Small family units Small family bands; Family bands of Family bands; Families (bands), of 2 to 6 least gregarious about six; often less gregarious clans, tribes, males may live join other bands; than chimpazees chiefdoms,alone very gregarious sovereign statesMonogamous Mother and infant; Multimale Unimale or Multimale families lone males multifemale; multimale with one multifemaledispersed dominant silverback community;community; male; also lone fusion-fissionfusion-fission males; multifemale Group Size Adult pair and 2 (mother and 20-105 2-34 25-5001 or 2 offspring offspring)Home Range 0.08-0.2 mi2 2-215 mi22-115 mi21.9-3.1 mi2varied(0.2-0.5 km2) (0.4-6 km2) (5-560 km2) (4.9-8.1 km2)Habitat Forest Indonesian jungles; Deciduous Lowland and varied, tropics toherbivorous (mostly woodland; mountain rain forest arcticfrugiverous) diet omnivorous (mostly and bamboo forestfrugivorous) dietDiet / Food Habits Mostly leaves, Predominantly fruit Essentially Comple tely Omnivorousgrass, fruits, also eaters; some leaves vegetarian; fruits, vegetarian; younginsects, snails, and bark leaves, shoots, leaves, berries, bark,frogs, young birds’ buds roots, grains, fruiteggsCranial Capacity 98-125 cm3276-540 cm3285-500 cm3340-572 cm31150-1750 cm3(103 cm3 avg.) (377 cm3 avg.) (383 cm3avg.) (505 cm3 avg.) (1325 cm3 avg.)Age at 5 to 8 years 10 to 12 years 7 to 12 years 7 to 10 years 10 to 17 yearsSexual MaturityGestation Period 200 to 212 days 233 days 202 to 261 days 268 days 28 0 days(231 average)Average Longevity >30 yrs. (?)* >55 yrs.* >50 yrs. (?) >50 yrs. 75 yrs.(*in captivity) (American)Est. Population 200,000+ 5,000- 100,000 15,000- \ 6 billion(A.D. 2000)Sources: Bernard G. Campbell and James D. Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8th ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000, pp. 121, 98, 106, 162; Ruth Moore, et al. Evolution. New York: Time-Life Books, 1964, p. 185; John E. Pfeiffer, The Emergence of Humankind, 4th ed., NY: Harper & Row, 1985, p. 194.Compare: “Characteristics of Primates,” pp. 120-123“Primate Adaptations,” pp. 124-130“Primate Taxonomy,” pp. 130-132Ch. 7 “Primate Behavior,” pp. 148-169Virtual Lab 1, section III, parts A-B Primate Distribution and HabitatsVirtual Lab 1, section IV, parts A-D Primate BiologyVirtual Lab 3, sections I-IV, Primate Functional MorphologyVirtual Lab 4, sections I-III, Primates in MotionVirtual Lab 5, sections I-IV, Primate Diets and Feeding BehaviorsVirtual Lab 6, sections I-IV, Primate Behavior: The EthogramVirtual Lab 7, sections I-IV, Primate EvolutionPrehistoric and Contemporary Primates, page 3138-145 III. GENERAL FEATURES AND MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS OF APES AND HUMANSImportant Terms: anthropoids hominoids hominids 1. As a group the apes have been the subject of much mythology and many misconceptions. 2. “Dental Apes” appeared first, in the Oligocene, ca. 33 mya1. Dental apes are “apes” with monkey-like bodies who did nothang or swing. These include Apidium and Aegyptopithecus. (Began mya.2)Holocene 0.012Pleistocene 1.8Pliocene 5Miocene 23Oligocene 34Eocene 55Paleocene 65183 3. True apes probably originated in the early Miocene period, ca. 20 to 17 mya.191-193191-193 Apes flourished in the later part of the Miocene, 15 to 5 mya.191-193 4. Well represented in the fossil record by such forms as:191-193 Sivapithecus(Ramapithecus / Kenyapithecus /