Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Hunting / GatheringSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Slide 111Slide 112Slide 113Slide 114Slide 115Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Slide 119Slide 120Slide 121Slide 122Slide 123Slide 124Slide 125Slide 126Slide 127Slide 128Slide 129Slide 130Slide 131Slide 132Slide 133Slide 134Slide 135Slide 136Slide 137Slide 138Slide 139Slide 140Slide 141Slide 142Slide 143Slide 144Slide 145Slide 146Slide 147Slide 148Slide 149Slide 150Slide 151Slide 152Slide 153Slide 154Slide 155Slide 156Slide 157Slide 158Slide 159Slide 160Slide 161Slide 162Slide 164Slide 165Slide 166Slide 167Slide 168Slide 169Slide 170Slide 171Slide 172Slide 173Slide 176Slide 177Slide 178Slide 179Slide 180Slide 181Slide 182Slide 183Slide 184Slide 185Slide 186Slide 187Slide 188Slide 189Hunting / Gathering /Collecting(foraging)Prehistoric CulturesTim Roufs ©2009-2013. . . controlled ethnographiccomparisons forCh. 13 of the text . . .Understanding Humans, 10th Ed., p. 178.Multidisciplinary Study.Glossarythe study of contemporary cultures to help understand the archaeological recordEthnoarchaeologyhttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-textA hunting party tracks a warthog that's been shot . . .http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-textMen butcher small antelope called dik-diks near a hut in a traditional camp.www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/uosc-ham111107.php12-Nov-2007http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/hadza/finkel-textWhile men hunt, women crack baobab shells for the tart flesh within. Women's contributions of fruits and tubers are more vital than game in the Hadza diet . . .www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcweek12.html#CEE12http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/video/Distant_Mirror.htmlhttp://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/video/Distant_Mirror.htmlwww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchunt.htmlHunting / GatheringRamapithecus – Kenyapithecus•Times to Remember ChartHomo erectus ca. 1.8 myaAustralopithecusHomo habilisHomo sapiens ca. 0.4 myahttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1110_051110_europe.htmlcontrolled comparison“a method in which hypotheses are tested by comparing two or more populations that are similar or identical in most respects other than that which has been defined as the independent variable” -- AnthromorphemicsFranz Boas 1916Glossarycontrolled comparisonin this casehuntingis theindependent variable Glossarythe archaeological study of contemporary cultures to help understand the archaeological recordethnoarchaeologyGlossaryUnderstanding Humans, 10th Ed., p. 178Paleoanthropology is Heavily Interdisciplinary.the method of analysis which uses contemporary cultures as models to help understandthe archaeological pastethnographic analogyGlossaryHumankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 345.ethnographic analogy!Kung San of theKalahari DesertUnderstanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 347Ethnoarcheological Studies of !Kung Lifewayswww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth4616/video/N!ai.htmlmegafauna = 100 lbs. or more“hunting” = big game huntingHunting / GatheringJuly 2008July 2008sometimes is used erroneously to mean not eating big game animals“vegetarian” Hunting / Gathering“ground meats”may be “collected” and eaten and lots of people eat bugs, worms, insects, etc.("Entomophagy“)www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchunt.html#titlevideo: The Desert Peoplehave a different adaptive pattern than other hunters cold climate hunters(e.g. Inuit, “Eskimo”)Hunting / GatheringHumankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 357.cold climate hunters•it is not hand-to-mouth living“The Original Affluent Society”Marshall Sahlinshunting = a leisurely lifeHunting / Gathering•psychological associations–male ego–sexism“meat-eating mystique”Hunting / Gathering•brain size went from 700 cc to 1200 cc•huntingmeat eating  rapid developmentHunting / Gathering99% of human’s time has been that of a hunter-gathererHunting / GatheringAscent to Civilization, p. 1010, 000 B.C. – 100 % ForagersA.D. 1500 – 1 % ForagersAscent to Civilization, p. 10A.D. 1982 – < 0.001 % ForagersThe Hunters The Desert PeopleAscent to Civilization, p. 10•? •scavenging•running down game(esp. the sick, the old, and the young)origins of huntingHunting / Gathering•? •scavenging•running down game(esp. the sick, the old, and the young)origins of huntingHunting / Gatheringwww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/video/Making.html#title•? •scavenging•running down game(esp. the sick, the old, and the young)origins of huntingHunting / Gathering•simple collecting is very efficient . . .origins of foragingHunting / Gatheringorigins of huntingabcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=5035837abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=5035837www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071112172155.htmwww.bolenhq.com/scubaandsnorkeling.htmtidal poolshttp://tirugondar.wordpress.com/2008/08/03/yehliu-and-the-yehliu-geopark/www.mexfish.com/fish/pfblen/pfblen.htmPanamic Fanged Blenny, Ophioblennius steindachneri: [Adults] are common and always found in tidal pools, even with extreme low tides, with plenty of water and a place to hide under a rock . . . . Collected in January 2008 in a dry El Tule Tidal pool, Km. 17, San Jose del Cabo, Mexico . . .www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcweek12.html#CEE12Be that as it may . . .Hunting / Gatheringmeat eating becomes increasingly more important from 1.8 mya onwards(with the beginning of the