Slide 1Major Periods in the History of Physical AnthropologySlide 4Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 69Slide 70Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 81Slide 82Slide 83Modern Physical AnthropologySlide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Modern Physical AnthropologyMajor Characteristics of Modern Physical Anthropology•#1 - #6Major Periods in the History of Physical Anthropology•“Pre-Scientific Period” (to 1859)•Period of Evolutionism and Concern over Races (1860 - ca. 1940)•The Period Since WW IIhttp://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchistory.html1. Increased interest in the behavior of apes and monkeys, particularly field studiesModern Physical Anthropologydifficult terms• ethology– scientific study of the social behavior of animals, especially in their natural environmentsGlossary• ethnology– comparative study of culturesGlossary• primatology– scientific study of the social behavior of primates, especially apes and monkeysGlossary• primatologist– one who studies the behavior and social lives of chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, etc.–e.g., Jane Goodall –Diane Fossy–Birute Galdikas-BrindamourGlossary• primatologist•e.g., Jane GoodallGlossaryJane GoodallJane GoodallJane GoodallGlossary• primatologist•e.g., Diane FossyDian FossyDian FossyDian FossyGlossary• primatologist•e.g., Birute Galdikas - BrindamourModern Physical Anthropology2. Shift of Emphasis from measurement and classification toward a concern with the influence of genetics on stability and variation in human populationsBrace, The Stages of Human Evolution, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1988, p. 25.Hrdlička, Aleš. “Anthropology of theChippewa.” (1916). In Holmes Anniversary Volume, F. W. Hodge(ed.). Washington: G. W. Bryan, pp. 198 – 227.2. Shift of Emphasis from measurement and classification toward a concern with the influence of genetics on stability and variation in human populationsModern Physical Anthropologythings are inherited as “particles”•chromosomes•DNAparticulate inheritanceGlossaryA model of a human chromosomeUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 76genotypephenotypeBasic ConceptsUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypesgametes are “reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals)developed from precursor cellsin ovaries and testes”Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypesUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypesUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53Punnett square representing possible genotypes and phenotypesUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 53Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 52genotypephenotypeBasic ConceptsgenotypephenotypeBasic ConceptsUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 76“Some examples of phenotypic variation among Africans.”San (South African)“Some examples of phenotypic variation among Africans.”San (South African)Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 76genotypephenotypeBasic ConceptsUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 453. Work on blood studies, blood typing . . .Modern Physical Anthropologywww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/video/Yanomamo.htmlUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 57(a) Shows “the discontinuous Distribution of a Mendelian trait (ABO blood type)in a theoretical population. . . .”“ABO blood group system. Distribution of the B allele in the indigenous populations of the world.”(After Mourant et al., 1976.)Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 57sickle cell anemia frequencieswww.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/The_theory_of_natural_selection__part_2_8.aspUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 68“Distribution of the sickle-cell allele in the Old World.”4. Work on dietary influences on body composition, nutrition and healthModern Physical AnthropologyUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 8Kathleen Galvin measures upper arm circumference of a young Maasai boy in Tanania.5. Work on the effects of things like differing muscle stress on body shape•human morphologyModern Physical Anthropologyhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11346164/Why do childrenadopted at a very young ageoften end uplooking like their adoptive parent(s)?Modern Physical Anthropologynews.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6055430.stmwww.smh.com.au/news/national/the-costello-smirk-through-the-ages/2006/07/15/1152637916308.htmlCasey and Penny Roufs 27 September 2007Casey and Tim Roufs 27Campbell, Humankind Emerging, 8th ed., p. 369This process is unintentional, and occurs by imitationBut in other situations body modification is intentional . . .Modern Physical Anthropologyhalfmoon.orgKoskimo (Kwakiutl) womanMayan head deformationNurtureorNature?6. Work on genetic processes as they determine morphology and other things . . . Modern Physical Anthropology7. Work on effects of culture as it influences human breeding patternsNEXT:Modern Physical