Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Major Periods in the History of Physical AnthropologyMajor Periods in the History of Physical AnthropologyMajor problems in “Pre – Scientific” PeriodSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Older Evolutionary IdeasOlder Evolutionary IdeasOlder Evolutionary IdeasOlder Evolutionary IdeasSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Major problems in “Pre – Scientific” PeriodSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Widespread Idea of the 17th and 18th CenturiesSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Homo monstrosisHomo monstrosisSlide 113Slide 114Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Slide 119Slide 120Slide 121Slide 122Slide 123Slide 124Homo monstrosisSlide 126Slide 127Slide 128Slide 129Slide 130Slide 132Slide 134Slide 135Slide 136Slide 137Slide 138Slide 139Slide 140Slide 141Slide 142Slide 143Slide 144Slide 145Slide 146Slide 147Slide 148Slide 149Slide 150Slide 151Slide 153Slide 154Slide 156Slide 157REM? Major problems in the “Pre – Scientific” PeriodSlide 159Slide 160Slide 161Slide 162Slide 163Slide 164Slide 165Slide 166Slide 167Slide 168Slide 169Slide 170Slide 171Slide 172Slide 173Slide 174Slide 175Slide 176Slide 177Slide 178Slide 179Slide 180Slide 181Slide 182Slide 183Slide 184Slide 185Slide 186Slide 187Slide 188http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/History of Though:Darwin and WallaceUniversity of Minnesota DuluthTim Roufs© 2010-2013Historyof Thoughtto 1859Charles DarwinCharles Lyell. . . or how to make senseout ofCh. 2 and Ch. 3 of the text . . .Major Periods in the History of Physical Anthropology•“Pre-Scientific Period” (to 1859)•Period of Evolutionism and Concern over Races (1860 - ca. 1940)•The Period Since WW IIMajor Periods in the History of Physical Anthropology•“Pre-Scientific Period” (to 1859)•Period of Evolutionism and Concern over Races (1860 - ca. 1940)•The Period Since WW IIMajor problemsin“Pre – Scientific” Period1. Humans were thought to have had ancient origins corresponding to the time of the creation of the earth2. Earth was thought of as a Young PlaceThe belief that humans and all life forms were specially created by God or some other divine forcecreationismGlossaryGeorge Cuvier’s theory that the earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events–vast floods and other disasters wiped out ancient life forms again and againcatastrophismGlossary11th ed., p. 23Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 23Cuvier explained the fossil record as the result of a succession of catastrophes followed by new creation eventsUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 251. A change in the genetic structure of a population. 2. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.evolutionGlossaryModern genetic definition: A change in the frequency of alleles (i.e., “genes”) from one generation to the next.Glossaryevolutioncreation and evolution are not mutually exclusiveOlder Evolutionary IdeasExample:Titus Lucretius(ca. 99 - 55 B.C.)De Rerum Natura(On the Nature of Things)Titus Lucretius“. . . Gave us the classical version of the evolution of human culture and the concept of a lowly beginning for man [sic.], followed by the growth of material culture, social order, religion, and language.” -- E. A. HoebelOlder Evolutionary Ideas•Example:Titus Lucretius(ca. 99 - 55 B.C.)•Example:Genesis Account of CreationOlder Evolutionary Ideas•Example:Titus Lucretius(ca. 99 - 55 B.C.)•Example:Genesis Account of CreationOlder Evolutionary IdeasMajor problemsin“Pre – Scientific” Period1. Humans were thought to have had ancient origins corresponding to the time of the creation of the earth2. Earth was thought of as a Young PlaceArchbishop James Ussherof Ireland(1581 - 1656)in 1650 proclaimed“Earth was Created in 4004 B.C.”Important People / Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_UssherArchbishop James Ussher1581 - 1656http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_002.jpgAdam and Eve Albrecht Dürer1507Widespread Idea of the 17th and 18th Centuries“Ladder of Perfection”aka “The Great Chain of Being”aka “Scala Naturae”http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Evolution.htmwww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchistory.html#titleLinnaeus aka Karl Von Linnae´å(1707 - 1778)Systema Naturae1758Important People / Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinnaeusCarl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus)1707- 1778Carl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus)1758. . . genus species variety:Animalia . . . Homo sapiens sapiensAnimalia . . . Gorilla gorilla gorilla~“binomial nomenclature”Basic ConceptsClassification chart, modified from Linnaeus.Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 101the branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationshipstaxonomyGlossarya unit (group) in taxonomyGlossarytaxontaxonwww.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996369www.livescience.com/history/071113-linnaeus-book.html•Early Discoverers of Prehistoric Evidence . . . Important People / Works•Isaac de la Peyrère, 1655•John Friedrich Esper, 1771•John Frere, 1790•Philippe-Charles Schmerling, 1830•Father John MacEnery, 1829–Kent’s Cavern, DevonshireImportant People / Works•Isaac de la Peyrère, 1655•John Friedrich Esper, 1771•John Frere, 1790•Philippe-Charles Schmerling, 1830•Father John MacEnery, 1829–Kent’s Cavern, DevonshireImportant People / Works•Isaac de la Peyrère, 1655•John Friedrich Esper, 1771•John Frere, 1790•Philippe-Charles Schmerling, 1830•Father John MacEnery, 1829–Kent’s Cavern, DevonshireImportant People / Works•Isaac de la Peyrère, 1655•John Friedrich Esper, 1771•John Frere, 1790•Philippe-Charles Schmerling, 1830•Father John MacEnery, 1829–Kent’s Cavern, DevonshireImportant People / Works•Isaac de la Peyrère, 1655•John Friedrich Esper, 1771•John Frere, 1790•Philippe-Charles