ENST 201 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 23Format of Exam1 Long Essay (no more than 30 min)· expected to be about a page2 Short AnswerSuper Short AnswersBring notebook paperWrite name on every single page of examPart 1 of Syllabus- · Maladaptation in Easter Island- · Transition from Hunter Gatherers to Agriculturalistso Diamond Reading: agriculture=worst mistake in human history- Neo-Malthusian vs. Cornucopian- Extensive vs. Intensive Agricultureo Swiden and Horticultureo Extensive Agriculture: increasing yield by increasing actual space to farm upon; buying and using more land; pastoralism (using more of the land than you started with)o Intensive Agriculture: taking your designated land and doing what you can with it; making the most of the land given to you (types: capital and labor)- Negative Externalities: pesticide runoff—paying for the pesticides but not paying for the damage; leads to environmental degradationPart 2 of Syllabus- · Population Demographicso One Child Policy lead to population declineo Demographic Transitiono Stage 1 extremely high birth and death rates low population growth all human populations were in Stage 1 until the late 18th century High death rates caused by high infant mortality rate due to insufficient medicine low life expectancy due to lack of public health and sanitation High birth rates are caused by reliance on agricultural productivityo Stage 2 rapid decline in death rate while birth rate remains constant population increases ex: Guatemala, Palestine, Yemen, Afghanistano Stage 3 death rates continue to be low, birth rates rapidly decrease Rapid decrease in birth rates caused by increased women’s status and education gender equality access to contraception improved economic conditions education delays child bearing years Ex: Brazil, Indiao Stage 4 Low birth and death rates Growth is slow Ex. Japan, U.S., Switzerlando Birth and death rates fluctuate and are stabilizingo Stage 5 Death rate exceeds birth rate Population decline not immediate (takes 1-2 generations) Ex: Portugal, Japan, Germany, Italy Larger middle population few births, few deaths- GMO Benefitso can be fashioned in a way to help poor farmerso can we feed 9+ billion people without GMOso lots of potential for good use of this technology- GMOs can have negative effect on human healtho potential to expose people to certain allergens by moving one gene to anothero need to have good regulatory structures to protect human healtho don’t know the long term impactso don’t really know what we are eatingo impact on tradeo antagonistic patents on life-forms- Endocrine Disruptorso can interfere with hormones and reproductive systemso can cause miscarriage in the formation of babieso increase breast cancero lower sperm count- Precautionary Principle: banning or limiting the use of a chemical based on the possibility of a risk- Reactionary Principle: banning or limiting the use of a chemical based to the actual risk effects being seen- Innocent Until Proven Guilty: US approach to chemicals- Pesticide Treadmill: needing to use stronger and stronger pesticides due to resistance developmento can we use nature as a natural pesticide?o Pesticide Cocktails?Part 3 of Syllabus- Disease Spreado water is a huge proponent of disease spreado John Snow in London: Cholera in the watero was able to geographically map the spread of the disease- Antibiotic Resistanceo Penicillin is relatively ineffective nowo improper use of it- Globalization allows for diseases to be spread on a global scaleo AIDS/HIV People go to work in cities, bring AIDS, give it to prostitutes, prostitutesgive it to Truckers, Truckers go to the next city and give it to the next prostitutes, sex tourists bring it back to their home countries- Parasites as vectors, STDs, etc- BPAs act as endocrine disruptorso strong presence of BPA is indicative of lack of precautionary principle and presence of reactionary principle because there is definitive proof of negative effects of BPAo Precautionary vs Reactionary modes of regulation- Concentration of Bacteria in Cities by Laurie Garretto high concentrations of bacteria in cities- Slum Ecology Orion Magazineo bad infrastructure and geology leads to poor cities and slums- Lost Children of Rockdale Countyo lack of infrastructure and lack of social capital lead to the epidemico found identity and in group in what was marketed to them- Superbugs in Indiao Overuse antibioticso Can be passed from mother to childreno concentrated in hospitals due to constant exposure to antibiotics- Example Question: What are means of disease transmission and what is it about thestructure of a city that makes it a public health concern?o Person to Person: people in close proximity breeds environment for diseaseo large water source shared by basically everyonePart 4 of Syllabus- City Planning and Cost of Low Density Urban Sprawlo benefits of walkable or biking citieso Jeff Speck videoo reduces emissionso what is an example of a walkable city and why? Portland, Oregon curitiba brazilo if you design a city and have to drive more less family time more driving and more emissions connected to Rockdale county because of lack of connected