ENST 201 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 23 Format of Exam 1 Long Essay no more than 30 min expected to be about a page 2 Short Answer Super Short Answers Bring notebook paper Write name on every single page of exam Part 1 of Syllabus Maladaptation in Easter Island Transition from Hunter Gatherers to Agriculturalists o Diamond Reading agriculture worst mistake in human history Neo Malthusian vs Cornucopian Extensive vs Intensive Agriculture o Swiden and Horticulture o Extensive Agriculture increasing yield by increasing actual space to farm upon buying and using more land pastoralism using more of the land than you started with o Intensive Agriculture taking your designated land and doing what you can with it making the most of the land given to you types capital and labor Negative Externalities pesticide runoff paying for the pesticides but not paying for the damage leads to environmental degradation Part 2 of Syllabus Population Demographics o One Child Policy lead to population decline o Demographic Transition o Stage 1 extremely high birth and death rates low population growth all human populations were in Stage 1 until the late 18 century High death rates caused by high infant mortality rate due to insufficient medicine low life expectancy due to lack of public health and sanitation High birth rates are caused by reliance on agricultural productivity o Stage 2 rapid decline in death rate while birth rate remains constant population increases ex Guatemala Palestine Yemen Afghanistan th o Stage 3 death rates continue to be low birth rates rapidly decrease Rapid decrease in birth rates caused by increased women s status and education gender equality access to contraception improved economic conditions education delays child bearing years Ex Brazil India o Stage 4 Low birth and death rates Growth is slow Ex Japan U S Switzerland o Birth and death rates fluctuate and are stabilizing o Stage 5 Death rate exceeds birth rate Population decline not immediate takes 1 2 generations Ex Portugal Japan Germany Italy Larger middle population few births few deaths GMO Benefits o can be fashioned in a way to help poor farmers o can we feed 9 billion people without GMOs o lots of potential for good use of this technology GMOs can have negative effect on human health o potential to expose people to certain allergens by moving one gene to another o need to have good regulatory structures to protect human health o don t know the long term impacts o don t really know what we are eating o impact on trade o antagonistic patents on life forms Endocrine Disruptors o can interfere with hormones and reproductive systems o can cause miscarriage in the formation of babies o increase breast cancer o lower sperm count Precautionary Principle banning or limiting the use of a chemical based on the possibility of a risk Reactionary Principle banning or limiting the use of a chemical based to the actual risk effects being seen Innocent Until Proven Guilty US approach to chemicals Pesticide Treadmill needing to use stronger and stronger pesticides due to resistance development o can we use nature as a natural pesticide o Pesticide Cocktails Part 3 of Syllabus Disease Spread o water is a huge proponent of disease spread o John Snow in London Cholera in the water o was able to geographically map the spread of the disease Antibiotic Resistance o Penicillin is relatively ineffective now o improper use of it Globalization allows for diseases to be spread on a global scale o AIDS HIV People go to work in cities bring AIDS give it to prostitutes prostitutes give it to Truckers Truckers go to the next city and give it to the next prostitutes sex tourists bring it back to their home countries Parasites as vectors STDs etc BPAs act as endocrine disruptors o strong presence of BPA is indicative of lack of precautionary principle and presence of reactionary principle because there is definitive proof of negative effects of BPA o Precautionary vs Reactionary modes of regulation Concentration of Bacteria in Cities by Laurie Garrett o high concentrations of bacteria in cities Slum Ecology Orion Magazine o bad infrastructure and geology leads to poor cities and slums Lost Children of Rockdale County o lack of infrastructure and lack of social capital lead to the epidemic o found identity and in group in what was marketed to them Superbugs in India o Overuse antibiotics o Can be passed from mother to children o concentrated in hospitals due to constant exposure to antibiotics Example Question What are means of disease transmission and what is it about the structure of a city that makes it a public health concern o Person to Person people in close proximity breeds environment for disease o large water source shared by basically everyone Part 4 of Syllabus City Planning and Cost of Low Density Urban Sprawl o benefits of walkable or biking cities o Jeff Speck video o reduces emissions o what is an example of a walkable city and why Portland Oregon curitiba brazil o if you design a city and have to drive more less family time more driving and more emissions connected to Rockdale county because of lack of connected infrastructure