I. Transmission chains: how diseases are passed from one person to anothera. Direct contact: airborne saliva droplets, STD’sb. Indirect contact: Fomites (bacteria), contaminated water and foodi. Pre-1850: people thought airs and vapors (miasmas) caused diseases1. Poor people caught disease more easily, because they lived around bad vapors2. Only way to avoid is to move into more rich areasii. Armies preferred urban people rather than rural kids, because urban people have gained immunity toward many diseases by living in urban areasiii. 1900’s: Jon Snow (Father of epidemiology) proposed that diseases were carried in water1. proved people got cholera by drinking water contaminated by infected people’s feces by geographically mapping the spread of the diseasec. Vector: an organism is a parasite that takes blood meals from a hosti. Disease agent requires vector to spread itii. Vectors do not always have to be insectsiii. Bolarzia and schistosomiasis: disease requires multiple hosts (liver disease)1. Get it from swimming or washing clothes in contaminated water2. Must go into snail, then once it is done developing it will leave the snail to burrow into a human3. These diseases seem to be able to alter the brain by taking away flight or fight responsea. Crazy cat ladies’ brains have been hijacked by parasitesd. Zoonosis: disease obtained from animalsi. When humans picks up this disease, it is very dangerous because humans have not had prior exposure, but typically do not pass it on to other humans; however, a mutation may occur to allow bacteria to infect humans1. Ex. Avian flue. Host: anything that can harbor a disease agentf. Reservoir for disease: the natural source of diseasei. Ex. Ebola reservoir is possibly batsg. Endemic: disease is always circulating in same placeh. Epidemic: disease moves around everywherei. Natural nidus: natural reservoir of disease as well as optimal environmenti. What temps, weathers, etc. are optimal for diseasej. Plague: moved from South Asia (cold dry desert) to south west USk. Trade helps move diseases, people who are scared of disease will move to different local populations and bring diseases with themII. Sir Alexander Fleming: 1928 he returned from holidays and did not clean petri dish very well and had Staphylococcus in his dish that was contaminated by fungusa. Lead to development of penicillinb. Penicillin used to be the cure all, but now it is not that useful anymorei. Due to misuse of antibioticsii. Overuse of antibiotics1. Confined Animal Feed Operations: feed animals antibioticsiii. Russian prison system: Men reacted to fall of government with petty crime, had many people in one cell and people would take turns using the beds1. Tuberculosis started spreading through the systems2. Doctors did not have enough medicine for all the prisoners3. Tomk’s prison 9: worst case of resistanceENST 201 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Infectious DiseasesOutline of Current Lecture I. Transmission chainsII. Sir Alexander FlemmingCurrent LectureI. Transmission chains: how diseases are passed from one person to anothera. Direct contact: airborne saliva droplets, STD’sb. Indirect contact: Fomites (bacteria), contaminated water and foodi. Pre-1850: people thought airs and vapors (miasmas) caused diseases1. Poor people caught disease more easily, because they lived around bad vapors2. Only way to avoid is to move into more rich areasii. Armies preferred urban people rather than rural kids, because urban people have gained immunity toward many diseases by living in urban areasiii. 1900’s: Jon Snow (Father of epidemiology) proposed that diseases were carried in water1. proved people got cholera by drinking water contaminated by infected people’s feces by geographically mapping the spread of the diseasec. Vector: an organism is a parasite that takes blood meals from a hosti. Disease agent requires vector to spread it ii. Vectors do not always have to be insectsiii. Bolarzia and schistosomiasis: disease requires multiple hosts (liver disease)1. Get it from swimming or washing clothes in contaminated water2. Must go into snail, then once it is done developing it will leave the snail to burrow into a human3. These diseases seem to be able to alter the brain by taking away flight or fight responsea. Crazy cat ladies’ brains have been hijacked by parasitesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Zoonosis: disease obtained from animalsi. When humans picks up this disease, it is very dangerous because humans have not had prior exposure, but typically do not pass it on to other humans; however, a mutation may occur to allow bacteria to infect humans1. Ex. Avian flue. Host: anything that can harbor a disease agentf. Reservoir for disease: the natural source of diseasei. Ex. Ebola reservoir is possibly batsg. Endemic: disease is always circulating in same placeh. Epidemic: disease moves around everywherei. Natural nidus: natural reservoir of disease as well as optimal environmenti. What temps, weathers, etc. are optimal for diseasej. Plague: moved from South Asia (cold dry desert) to south west USk. Trade helps move diseases, people who are scared of disease will move to different local populations and bring diseases with themII. Sir Alexander Fleming: 1928 he returned from holidays and did not clean petri dish very well and had Staphylococcus in his dish that was contaminated by fungusa. Lead to development of penicillinb. Penicillin used to be the cure all, but now it is not that useful anymorei. Due to misuse of antibioticsii. Overuse of antibiotics1. Confined Animal Feed Operations: feed animals antibioticsiii. Russian prison system: Men reacted to fall of government with petty crime, had many people in one cell and people would take turns using thebeds1. Tuberculosis started spreading through the systems2. Doctors did not have enough medicine for all the prisoners3. Tomk’s prison 9: worst case of