PSY 213 1st Edition Lecture12 Outline of Last Lecture I Body Growth and Change II Nutrition and Exercise III Illness and Death IV Piaget s Preoperational Stage V Substages of Preoperational Thought VI Vygotsky s Theory Outline of Current Lecture I Information Processing II Understanding Phonology and Morphology III Advances in Pragmatics IV Early Childhood Education V Variations in Early Childhood Education VI Early Childhood Education VII The Self VIII Parenting IX Child Maltreatment Current Lecture I Information Processing Attention Focusing of mental resources on select information These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Executive attention i Action planning ii Allocating attention to goals iii Error detection and compensation iv Monitoring progress on tasks v Dealing with difficult circumstances Sustained attention Focused and extended engagement with Object task event or other aspect of the environment Memory Retention of information over time Short term Individuals can retain information up to 30 seconds with no rehearsal Executive functioning Umbrella like concept that consists of Higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain s prefrontal cortex Managing one s thoughts to engage in goal directed behavior and self control Theory of mind Awareness of one s own mental process and the mental processes of others Ages 2 to 3 Children begin to understand the following three mental states Perceptions Emotions Desires Between ages and four and five they understand that people can have false beliefs Children with autism have something called mind blindness They have difficulty thinking about what another person thinks wants and believes II Understanding Phonology and Morphology Phonology Sound system of a language including the sounds used and how they may be combined During preschool years children a Become sensitive to the sounds of spoken words b Produce all the sounds of their language c Demonstrate a knowledge of morphology rules i Use plurals possessives prepositions articles and verb forms III Advances in Pragmatics Pragmatics Appropriate use of language in different contexts a Characterize young children s language development Young children s literacy b Positive orientation toward reading and writing must be developed c Strategies for using books effectively with preschool children IV Early Childhood Education Variations in early childhood education Education for young children who are disadvantaged Controversies in early childhood education V Variations in Early Childhood Education Child centered kindergarten Education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical cognitive and socioemotional development Montessori approach Child is given freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities Developmentally appropriate education a Developmentally appropriate practice DAP Typical developmental patterns of children and the uniqueness of each child VI Early Childhood Education Education for young children who are disadvantaged a Project head start Compensatory program designed to provide children from low income families i Opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for success in school b Controversies in early childhood education i Controversy over curriculum ii Universal preschool education VII The Self Initiative versus guilt Children use their perceptual motor cognitive and language skills to make things happen a On their own initiative then children at this stage exuberantly move out into a wider social world b The great governor of initiative is conscience c Initiative and enthusiasm may bring guilt which lowers self esteem Self understanding and understanding others d Increased awareness reflects young children s expanding psychological sophistication e Self understanding Substance and content of self conceptions f Physical activities are central component of the self in early childhood g Unrealistically positive self descriptions VIII Parenting Baumrind s parenting styles a Authoritarian parenting Restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort No nonsense parenting style kids go wild in college b Authoritative parenting Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions Parents are very warm encourage independence They re not out of control Parents explain and rational Negotiate MOST EFFECTIVE kids who do well in school come to arents for help and happy c Neglectful parenting Parent is uninvolved in the child s life Low warmth no rules kids give up easily do horrible in school high risk for dropping out d Indulgent parenting Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them High in warmth but no demands or rules dependent on adults don t take responsibility over inflated self esteem Parenting styles in context e Authoritative parenting conveys the most benefits to the child and to the family as a whole Punishment f Corporal punishment is linked to lower levels of moral internalization and mental health g Handle misbehavior by reasoning with the child especially explaining the consequences of the child s actions for others Coparenting h Support that parents give each other in raising a child IX Child Maltreatment Types of child maltreatment a Physical abuse b Child neglect c Sexual abuse parents or people child knows and trusts d Emotional abuse Context of abuse e About 1 3 of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children