PSY 213 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture I. Personality Theories and DevelopmentII. Stability and ChangeIII. Close RelationshipsIV. Longevity, Biological Aging, and Physical DevelopmentOutline of Current Lecture I. Longevity, Biological Aging, and Physical DevelopmentII. Cognitive FunctioningIII. Mental HealthIV. Theories of Socioemotional DevelopmentV. Altruism and VolunteerismVI. EthnicityVII. GenderVIII. Successful Aging Current LectureI. Longevity, Biological Aging, and Physical DevelopmentThe aging brain a. The shrinking, slowing brain – begins in your 20 and ends in 90’s b. Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years c. Volume decreases due to:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Shrinkage of neuronsii. Lower numbers of synapses iii. Reduced length of axond. Slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood i. Affecting physical coordination and intellectual performanceii. Aging - Linked to a reduction in the production of certain neurotransmittersThe adapting braine. Neurogenesis - Generation of new neurons. If you maintain activity (cognitively challenging) brain still capable of growthf. Dendritic growth g. Decrease in lateralizationi. Improve cognitive functioningii. Both sides of the brain starts to share functionsiii. Brain working more efficiently iv. Brain continues to be plasticII. Cognitive FunctioningUse it or lose ita. Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of cognitive skillsi. Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and concertsb. Research suggests that: i. Mental exercise may reduce cognitive declineIII. Mental HealthDementia: Involve a deterioration of mental functioninga. 23 percent of women and 17 percent of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia b. Women are more likely to get dementia because they live longer c. There are a number or imitation disorders that look like Alzheimer i. Depression: confusion, fuzzing memory, change in behaviorii. When you mix some medications it can lead toAlzheimer disease: Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical functiond. Women are likely to develop Alzheimer disease because they live longer than mene. Alzheimer involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholinef. Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tanglesg. Prevent by: improvement of cardiac functioning through diet, medication, and exercise i. High fat diets, and lack of exercise are contributing factors to Alzheimer's Drug treatment of Alzheimer diseaseh. Cholinerase inhibitors and other drugs slow the downward progression of the diseaseCaring for individuals with Alzheimer diseasei. Support is often emotionally and physically draining for the familyj. Respite care servicesIV. Theories of Socioemotional DevelopmentErikson’s theorya. Integrity vs. despair: Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spenti. Life review - Looking back at one’s life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them. Thinking through what your life has been like. A sign of coming to terms to important events in life. healthySelective optimization with compensation theory: Successful aging is linked with three main factors:b. Selection - Older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domainsc. Optimization - It is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologiesd. Compensation - Older adults need to compensate when life tasks require a higher level of capacityV. Altruism and VolunteerismOlder adults who had persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others had an increased risk of earlier deathVolunteering is associated with a number of positive outcomesa. Constructive activities b. Productive rolesc. Social integrationd. Enhanced meaningfulnessVI. EthnicityElderly ethnic minority individuals face both ageism and racismDespite stress and discrimination many ethnic minority individuals have developed coping mechanisms that allow them to surviveVII. GenderSome developmentalists believe that there is decreasing femininity in women and decreasing masculinity in men during late adulthooda. Older men often become more feminine, but women do not necessarily become more masculinei. Feminine as in being more caring Older adult females face ageism and sexism VIII. Successful Aging Many abilities can be maintained and/or improved in older adults due to:a. Proper dietb. Active lifestylec. Mental stimulation and flexibilityd. Positive coping skillse. Good social relationships and supportf. Absence of