PSY 213 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Emotional DevelopmentII. Moral DevelopmentIII. Emotional and Personality DevelopmentIV. PeersOutline of Current Lecture I. PeersII. SchoolsCurrent LectureI. PeersPeer statusa. Popular children – frequently nominated for wanting to be friends with. Children like them. i. Two categories: popular prosocial kids – don’t get in trouble, good students, get along with people, and popular antisocial kids – may get in trouble, but have some sort of trait that people like (example: low SCS kidgood at basketball but kids like him because he is good)b. Average children – average number of positive votes and negative. c. Neglected children – kid doesn’t get positive or negative. People just don’t pay attention to them. Theyre quiet, uncomfortable with large groups, and perfectly content with only having one friend. Perfectly adjustedd. Rejected children – children infrequently nominated as a best friend. No one in class wants to be friends with them. Actively disliked by peers. Target of bullies - -sometimes overweight, weak, poor… also can include bulliesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Controversial children – kids who are class clowns. Frequently nominated as bestfriend but also frequently not nominated. f. Sociometeric techniques: this is how you find out who is well liked and not. Social cognition - Thoughts about social matters. How we interpret them, process them, and act. i. Good social cognition – good info processing skills gets ran into during soccer game & realizes it’s a game and its okayii. Poor social cognition – gets ran into during soccer game and thinks they did it on purpose. Fight. Interprets situation as hostile and wants to get back at the kid.g. Important for understanding peer relationshipsh. 6 steps in processing social information i. Attend to social cuesii. Attribute intentiii. Generate goalsiv. Access behavioral scripts from memoryv. Make decisions vi. Enact behaviorBullying: national survey 16000 students one in three had been bullied. In this study boys are more likely to be bullied. vii. Girls act out (bully): relational aggression. Way girls bully more passive aggressive a. Anxious kids, aggressive children are more likely to get picked on. 70-80% of kids who are being bullied are in the same classroom, so they cant escape. i. Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerfulj. Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be affectedk. Outcomes of bullyingi. Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicideFriends: defining feature of friendship is trust.Friendships become more selective ii. Breach in trust can cause friendships to fall apart.l. Typically characterized by similaritym. Serve six functionsi. Companionshipii. Stimulationiii. Physical supportiv. Ego supportv. Social comparisonvi. Affection and intimacyII. SchoolsContemporary approaches to student learninga. Constructivist and direct instruction approachesi. Constructivist approach: Learner-centered approach that emphasizes: important to appeal to many learning stylesii. Importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge and understanding. Important to have hands on learning opportunities b. Direct-instruction approach: Structured, teacher-centered approach – I’m the teacher I tell info and you need to learn it. Teacher directs and controls i. Characterized by teacher direction and controlc. Accountability:i. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislationii. Statewide standardized testingSocioeconomic status, ethnicity, and cultured. Low-income, ethnic minority students have more difficulties in school – lack or resources, burnt our teachers/ young teachers with less experience. Schools faultnot child’s fault e. U.S. students have lower achievement in math and science than a number of other countries especially Asian countries f. The education of students from low-income backgroundsi. Face more barriers to learningii. Most low-SES area schools tend to have:1. Lower test scores, lower graduation rates, and lower college-attendance rates2. Young teachers with less experience3. Fewer resourcesg. Ethnicity in schoolsi. Strategies for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students1. Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom: have people learning about one and other. 2. Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students:3. Reduce bias: trying to take out bias in the way you present information 4. Be a competent cultural mediator: have children see similarities5. View the school and community as a team: when connected to community it makes them feel more