PSY 213 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. How language develops II. Biological InfluencesIII. Environmental InfluencesIV. Interactionist View V. Emotional DevelopmentVI. TemperamentOutline of Current Lecture I. Body Growth and ChangeII. Nutrition and Exercise III. Illness and DeathIV. Piaget’s Preoperational StageV. Substages of Preoperational ThoughtVI. Vygotsky’s TheoryCurrent LectureI. Body Growth and ChangeHeight and weighta. Average growth b. Growth patterns vary individuallyc. Important contributors to height differencesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Ethnic origin ii. NutritionThe braind. Does not grow as rapidly during early childhood as in infancyi. Undergoes remarkable changese. From 3 to 6 years of age f. Rapid, distinct spurts of growth in the frontal lobesg. Myelination: Process through which axons are covered with a layer of fat cellsII. Nutrition and Exercise Overweight young childrena. Serious health problems in early childhoodb. Strongly influenced by caregivers’ behaviorc. Determined by body mass index U.S. has second highest rate of childhood obesityExercise d. Young children should engage in physical activity every dayMalnutrition in young children from low-income familiesIII. Illness and DeathThe United Statesa. Leading causes of death in U.S. children are:i. Motor vehicle accidentsii. Canceriii. Cardiovascular diseaseParental smoking a major dangerIV. Piaget’s Preoperational StagePreoperational stage: Piaget’s second stagea. Ages 2 to 7 yearsb. Children represent the world with words, images, and drawingsi. Form stable concepts and begin to reasonii. Cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefsOperations: Reversible mental actions Allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physicallyV. Substages of Preoperational ThoughtSymbolic function substage: Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that isnot presenta. Occurs roughly between the ages of 2 and 4b. Limitationsi. Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someoneelse’sii. Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of actionVI. Vygotsky’s TheorySocial constructivist approach: Emphasizes a. Social contexts of learning b. Construction of knowledge through social interactionZone of proximal development (ZPD): Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidanceScaffolding - Changing the level of
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