ANTHRCUL 101 Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1/7 – 2/3Note: Minor details subject to change, though any changes would be widely publicized!Note on video clips shown in lecture: You can find specific information on where to find relevantvideos and which clips we focused on in the corresponding topic’s Ctools folder.1/7 Introduction to the CourseAbility to name the four fields of anthropology is often wise for these exams!i. Culturalii. Linguisticiii. Archaeologicaliv. Biological1/9 Observing AnthropologicallyTerms to know from lecture and/or WOH: Ethnocentrism: belief that the way one’s culture views something is the only right way to do soFamiliarizing: Learning unfamiliar categories on their own termsDefamiliarizing: Unsettling or reconsidering aspects of your own culture that you take for granted Juxtaposition: by placing two different things in direct comparison, you can better understand both of themThick vs. Thin Descriptions: using winking as an exampleThin Description: winking is the physical act of using particular muscles to blink one eye, usually for physiological purposes such as re-wetting the eyeThick Description: Is the person who is winking doing it to convey a particular message? Is it supposed to be flirtatious? Or to let someone know that they are in on a secret?Universals vs. Particulars (see Franz Boas)Understand the basic argument posed in the work of Franz Boas (see lecture slides in particular).a. Franz Boas (1858-1942) i. Opposed “Scientific Racism”b. Argued that cultural forms are the result of local contexts and local historiesi. Not the result of intrinsic or hierarchical differences between human groups, ie., not “primitive” vs. “advanced” (no culture is “better” than anyother)Video: Food Court Musical Which of the key terms listed above did we use to explain this short improv video? Readings: The Nacirema, and Reading Shakespeare in the Bush. For these general reading comprehension will suffice. Ability to recall a specific example or two from Shakespeare in the Bush may come in handy, and ability to explain what the reading has to do with universals, particulars, and ethnocentrism might could help as well.1/12 Basic Questions of CultureKey terms and concepts to understand based on WOH Chapter 2 and lecture:Understand the basic characteristics of culture—(what are “core values”?)a. Learned: the process of enculturation starts at birth and never ends – you are notborn with the culture, but must be taught to you throughout your lifeb. Symbolic: culture is based on the idea that everything stands for something else – suggests an arbitrary element to culture (symbols can be interpreted differentlyby different people)c. Shared: suggests an identity – something has to be known by more than one person to be given meritd. All-Encompassing: anthropological definitions of culture are not based on “high” and “low” culturei. Ex: ballet is considered just as “cultural” as professional wrestlinge. Integrated (often around core values): parts of cultural life are interconnected (religious beliefs, family structure, concepts of work and success all affect each other – a change in one aspect of culture produces a change in others)How is cultural relativism used and understood in anthropology (see WOH for this!)Basic understanding of mechanisms of cultural changea. Diffusion: how one cultural form gets passed to another placeb. Independent invention: something new is thought of and then passed on to others to be integrated into the culturec. Acculturation: result of 2 cultures combining d. Domination: when someone’s culture is forced upon another e. Contestation: disagreement is very telling of a culture What does the idea of levels of culture refer to? What does agency have to do with culture? Why did Pr. Chivens talk about standing in line in Poland, or crossing the street in Ann Arbor? (there are a number of different right answers to this)o In Poland you must be standing closely behind the next person in order to be considered “in line” – otherwise people will push in front of you In the US this is considered rude, people don’t stand this close because it is a violation of personal space to uso Pedestrian right-of-way rules, both written and unspoken, have been a cause for tension – tells us about the culture of Ann Arbor1/14 Thinking About Culture and Language What does Pr. Chivens think ties the four fields of anthropology together (hint: See slides) What is linguistic anthropology?o Linguistic Anthropology: the study of language in its cultural context Emphasis on language as social action Draws on historical or long term ethnographic methods What kind of methods to cultural and linguistic anthropologists use?  Conversation, interviews, recordings Field notes Textual analysis Fieldwork and longitudinal research (revisit same field site over a period of years  Participant observation (important to establish rapport) What is meant by rapport? (from lecture)Reading: Ilana Gershon, The Breakup 2.0Focus on the idea of second order information. Ability to recall an example or two of how second order information works from the reading would be good to have on hand, and an ability to generate your own, made up example, can sometimes come in handy. a. Media Ideologies: Beliefs about how language or a medium for using language communicates a messagei. Idioms of Practice: Agreed upon uses for appropriate media uses1. Ex: is it “appropriate” to ask for a divorce through text message?b. Second-Order Information: All the information that guides us to an understanding of what is said that doesn’t include the actual words (kinesics, diction, etc.)i. What guides us into understanding how particular words and statements should be interpreted?ii. New technologies of communication bring with them new problems for interpreting the meaning of a statement.Video clips: From American Tongues. A sense, very briefly, of answers to the viewing questions posted on the lecture slides.a. What do these clips tell us about American English?iii. Focal Vocabulary: vocab specific to a region or group of people with shared experience 1. Ex: biologists will use different vocabulary to talk about biology than a librarian wouldc. What contributes to context and interpretation of the language speakers?i. Kinesics: body languageii. Style Shifts: changing how you speak in