ANTHRCUL 101 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last LectureI. Recap: Exchange as Social ActionII. Linguistic AnthropologyIII. Words for talking about languageOutline of Current LectureI. Making a LivingII. Types of Adaptive StrategiesIII. Economic culturesCurrent Lecture3/11: Making a LivingI. Making a Livinga. Adaptive Strategies, the basicsi. A problem with Social Taxonomy: making “categories” often causes us to create hierarchies and see an “evolutionary” progression from one type to the next.ii. Think about adaptive strategies and state systems as different forms of something, like liquid, solids, and gas – different features at different times, but they can also coexist and combineb. Adaptive strategy: a group's system of economic production (Yehudi Cohen)i. Argued that similarities between unrelated societies could be the result of similar ways of producing, distributing, or consuming resources. c. Cultural forms of economic lifed. Revisiting Exchange II. Types of Adaptive Strategiesa. Agriculturei. Characteristics:1. Intensive/Continuous Use of Land2. Animals as means of production3. Irrigation/Terracing4. Labor Intensive/Property basedb. Foraging: Relies on natural resources for subsistence, rather than controlling plant and animal reproduction.i. Correlates: because of the type of adaptive strategy, other parts of society are sometimes predictable – only really works with foragingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Correlates to foraging:1. Band societies (100 or fewer people)2. Nuclear family structures (parents + their children) 3. Egalitarian (equal) relations between people, though gender-based differences.iii. Early European fear of foragers?1. Non-European concepts of scarcity – foragers didn’t have the idea that they need to collect what they can get as soon as possible or it will go away2. Non-European concepts of property3. Non-European understanding of time4. Non-European morality about work – Europeans thought they were unable to understand the value of workiv. !Kung San example:1. 65% work at all2. 15 hrs a week of work3. 2 hours 9 minutes a day4. Insulting the Meat: Modesty is expected of expert !Kung hunters. Those who bring in the most meat from hunting are expected to minimize their contribution, and others insult the kill as small, worthless. a. To maintain balance so nobody disrupted egalitarian societyc. Pastoralism: describes an adaptive strategy based on care of herds and domesticated animals.i. Focus on domesticated animals as foodii. Types of pastoralism: movement oriented1. Nomadism: entire group moves together2. Transhumance: some part of the group migrates, some part doesn’td. Horticulture: an often part time, nonindustrial adaptive strategy in which plots ofland lie fallow for varying stretches of time, shifting plots, non-continuous use of land.i. Often combined with pastoralisme. Industrial ProductionIII. Economic culturesa. Methods of producing, distributing, and consuming goods varies cross culturallyi. Motivations to participate also vary1. What other than “profit”? a. Prestige, Security, Meaning in life…b. Three Common Principles of Exchangei. The market principle: “Organizational process of purchase and sale at money price” (Dalton 1967) (Value set by supply and demand)ii. Redistribution: Operates when goods, services, or their equivalent, movefrom local level to a centeriii. Reciprocity: (dilemmas of the gift)c. The Reciprocity Continuumi. Two variables: Social Distance (family members? Friends? Strangers?) andExpected Time of Returnii. Generalized reciprocity: giving with no specific expectation of exchange1. Social distance closest2. Rate of return is the farthest 3. Like a parent to child relationship – parents support children without expecting to be paid back4. Expectations related to social bonds 5. Does Daniel Suelo fit here?iii. Balanced reciprocity: exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household1. Increased social distance2. There is an expectation of return3. Birthday presents – you give them to someone who gives you birthday presents4. Does Kula fit here?iv. Negative reciprocity: dealing with people outside or on the fringes of their social systems, reciprocity is carefully calculated.1. Social distance farthest – with people in different social group than you 2. Expected return time shortest3. Going to CVS to buy floss – can’t say you’ll pay them in an hour or so4. Entire system based on mistrust5. Does Buritila’ulo fit here?v. Also a continuum of trust – more you trust, less you