ANTHRCUL 101 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Audrey Smedly “The History of the Idea of Race…And Why it Matters”II. Unearthing the Slave Trade” VideoOutline of Current Lecture I. A human tendency: forming categories, creating membershipII. Key termsa. Prejudiceb. Discriminationc. Stereotypingd. Identitye. Racef. Ethnicityg. RacismIII. Race as a cultural constructiona. Race in Japanb. Race in BrazilCurrent Lecture1/23: Ethnicity, Race, and DifferenceIV. A human tendency: forming categories, creating membershipa. Inside perspective: we’re all humans talking about humans – group membership as it looks from inside the groupb. Outside perspective: group as named from the outsideV. Key termsa. Prejudice: evaluating others based on assumed values, abilities, attributes, etc. – part of discriminationb. Discrimination: policies and practices that harm one particular group (Kottak); is focusing on policy enough?c. Stereotyping: fixed ideas, generally negative and even when positive turn individuals into types that place people in outside categoriesd. Identity: a shared history – usually has a positive connotationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Some statuses are more contextual, flexible, changeable, or achievable than others1. Sometimes called achieved statuses2. Example: status shiftinga. Situational negotiation of identity (Kottak 313)ii. Some statuses are given to us at birth and are usually mutually exclusive –being identified with one may negate the possibility of being identified with the other1. Rule of Hypodescent: places a child in the less privileged of the parents’ racea. An ascribed states that ignores considerable biological, linguistic, geographic diversityb. Was established as a rule of descent during slaveryc. Took strong legal forms after U.S. slavery endedd. Formed the basis of “One Drop Rules” in U.S. statese. Roles (sex and race) are ascribed, can be changed but process is gruelingiii. Cultural Sources of Belonging1. Language: born into the language but could have been any language – integrated force2. Religion3. Historical experience4. Geographic location5. Kinshipiv. Both are ways of achieving identity – some are ascribed, some are more flexiblee. Race (Kottak’s definition)i. An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis (but not necessarily)ii. Idea that there is a historical feature (American slavery)f. Ethnicity (K’s definition)i. Features of an ethnic group: shared beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms and a common language, religion, and historyii. Identification with, and feeling like part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliationg. Racism(K’s definition)i. Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis1. Sometimes people justify that one race is better than anotherii. Sources of discrimination and prejudice1. Traditions and beliefs2. Laws and policies – how race has attempted tp be defined in the constitutions and policies that have guaranteed social divisions 3. Ideas and attitudes4. Many moreVI. Race as a cultural constructiona. What counts as meaningful racial or ethnic differences varies across culturesi. What is meaningful for racial designation in one context is not in another contextb. Many Americans tend to have very unspecific understandings of race and ethnicity – sometimes group them based on skin color, but this doesn’t workc. People in different places use different terms to classify race – some people consider religion, some think more about skin color, etc.d. US hypodescente. Race in Japani. Not Us: A cultural construction of race based on opposition to others1. Creates oppositions within and beyond Japanese society2. Relies on residential housing patterns to maintain differences, but makes claims based on biology3. Burakumin: anoutcast designation based on class/ social hierarchies that took on racial meaning.f. Race in Brazili. Phenotype and Fluidity1. Less exclusionary than racial categories in the U.S. or Japan (less ascribed, more achieved)2. Lacks hypodescent3. Allows for shifting racial designationsii. Draws more nuanced physical differences (phenotype), unlike the U.S. or Japaniii. Race often has less day to day significance1. But this not mean there is no racism in