ANTHRCUL 101 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last LectureI. Benefits of Food ProductionII. Costs of Food ProductionIII. North American Dependence on CornOutline of Current LectureI. Agriculture and Inequality: Flannery and Marcus II. What Connects Agriculture and Inequality?III. Social Achievement and its MarginsIV. Generosity and AchievementCurrentLecture2/23: Exchange as Social ActionI. Agriculture and Inequality: Flannery and Marcus a. What is the backstory? i. Remember: The integrated characteristic of cultureii. Foraging social dynamics varied, but tended toward relative egalitarianism1. If foragers help each other there will be a return – someone else will help them2. See a series of leveling mechanisms to keep people in check a. Ex: Insulting the Meat – cultural practice whereby the men who were hunters – if someone was really good at hunting and caught much more than others that person would be humiliated when he returnediii. Agricultural social dynamics varied, but tended to produce social inequalityII. What Connects Agriculture and Inequality?a. Behavioral changes associated with agriculturei. Sedentism (like Natufians)ii. Storage and preservationb. What is this in contrast to? (foraging practices)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Mobility, nomadic lifestyleii. Sharing as a social strategyc. Other behavioral changesi. Toleration of accumulationii. Trade and sale of crops/ animalsiii. Increase in polygamous marriage (another means of accumulation?)iv. Increased bride prices (groom paid to bride’s family)v. Emergence of leadership roles 1. Same fundamental rules that we have today for leadershipd. Changes the stakes of what is “needed” to survive – a cultural strategyi. If you need to pay more for a bride price, you need to make more money, so you may store crops, etc. to do soe. Gardening in New Guineai. What can we learn from gardening dynamics in New Guinea?1. About New Guinea2. About Ourselves?ii. How does it connect to American marginal existence? III. Social Achievement and its Marginsa. Flannery and Marcus on New Guineai. Variation among cultural groupsii. Extensive hierarchies of respect among men:1. Average men who met their obligations (most men)a. Tend gardens enough to pay bride price, don’t really go above and beyond2. Prominent men (20% of the population)a. Yield enough to persuade people to do things for them3. “Big men” (5% of the population)a. Regional power, ability to persuade 4. “Rubbish” or “Nothing” men (the leftovers)iii. People can achieve prestige, but that doesn’t necessarily result in formal political poweriv. All-encompassing characteristic of cultureIV. Generosity and Achievementa. Dynamics of reciprocity:When you give something, what are the obligations to return an equal or greater amount than given over a period of timei. When you give something, what are the obligations to return an equal or greater amount than given over a period of timeb. Cultural conventions “one pig and only one pig” mandate a careful balance. Why?i. Giving gifts in order to own someone – give one pig, get two pigs backii. What are the stakes of a gift that is too big to be reciprocated?iii. Not gifts to be nice, generous, etc. but to own someoneiv. Doing something intending to do social good, don’t tend to have a good relationship between donor and recipient1. If you can give you are “higher” social class – are able to feel good about yourself, help others because you have enough resources todo soc. Generosity was a leveling mechanism, turns into a mechanism of inequalityd. War as a form of reciprocity in New Guinea?e. Forms of War Reciprocityi. The “tee cycle” of the Enga1. Counterbalanced by the “one pig and only one pig” sensibilityii. Moka in the highlands of New Guinea1. Escalated by a “I’ll take your one pig and raise you two” sensibility2. The goal, to give a gift too big to be returnedf. Selfishness and Achievementi. What ties the New Guinea Examples together?1. Inequality and prestige translates into limited