ANTHRCUL 101 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last LectureI. Mapping our Hominin Selvesa. Homininsb. The Fossil Recordc. Hominin characteristicsOutline of Current Lecture I. Meet the (Early) Humans ct’dII. Early Hominin ChronologyIII. Competing Theories of Modern Human evolutionCurrent Lecture2/16: Early Humans ct’d/Hominin Predicaments: Race and PowerI. Meet the (Early) Humans ct’da. Hominin Characteristicsi. Bipedalism (most important thing!)1. Can see this in change in foramen magnum location, pelvis 2. Lead to many of the other characteristics of hominins developing3. Precedes larger brain-to-body size ratioii. Brain sizeiii. Tool useiv. Teeth patternsv. Cooperation/planning?1. Increased from the level of cooperation between ancestral chimpsII. Early Hominin Chronologya. Ardipithecus: 6 million years ago – first hominin line appears in Africa i. Traits: ape-like features, bipedalii. Limited fossil evidenceb. Australopithecus New genus begins: i. Australopithecus Anamensis (4.2-3.9 mya)1. Larger than Ardipithecus2. Large molarsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Australopithecus Afarensis 1. Africa (3.8 – 3 mya)2. Sharp ape-like canines, but large back molars3. Brain size similar to chimpanzee4. Clearly Bipedal5. Key Find: “Lucy,” 40% of a complete skeleton iii. Later Australopithecines1. Gracile (smaller, slighter)a. Africanus (3 - 2 mya?)i. Found in South Africaii. Trend toward even larger back teeth2. Robust (more … robust)a. Robustus (2 - 1 mya?) and Bosei (2.6 - 1.2 mya?)b. Robustus in South Africa, Bosei in East Africai. Even larger back teeth, from cutting to grindingii. Sagittal Crest: allows muscle compactioniii. Flaring Zygomatic Arch (Cheek Bones)iv. Large lower jaw: increasingly specialized to chewing, adapting to more specific environmentsc. Homo Habilis (2.4-1.4 mya new genus begins)i. Group modern humans are classified underii. Controversial whether it is austroiii. Key trait: Oldowan Tools - simple stone tools iv. Homo habilus overlaps with A. Robustus and Boseiv. All Australopithecines and all H. habilis fossils are found in Africavi. Recent Developments: A. Garhi in Ethiopia (2.5 mya)1. Garhi means surprise in the Afar language2. Early stone tool evidence discovered3. Evidence of large mammal butchering4. Suggests possible dietary revolutiona. Would potentially allow adaptation to new habitats and continentsd. Middle and late Pleistocene Homininsi. Homo erectus1. 1mya-300,000BP2. Africa, Asia, Europe a. Traits: Lower Paleolithic, significantly larger brain size3. Superior tools (Acheulian tools)4. Use of fireii. Archaic Homo Sapiens1. 300Kto 28K years ago2. 150000 years ago to now: anatomically modern humans begin to appear – brain size in modern human rangeiii. Neandertal Mystery1. 130K-28K years ago?2. Europe, SW Asia3. Large brain sizes4. Stocky, adapted to cold temperatures5. Lived in shelters and camps6. Advanced tools (Mousterian)7. Buried their dead a. Compassion, health, religion?III. Competing Theories of Modern Human evolutiona. Out of Africa Hypothesis (primary theory)i. Based on mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)ii. Single species from Africa – left Africa, spread across the globe, eliminated and replaced other living hominins b. Multi-Regional Hypothesis (Wolpoff)i. Gradual evolution linked by complex gene flow 1. Homo erectus gradually evolved with regional variations but kept homogenous because of gene flow 2. Some genetic evidence has shown that the multi-regional hypothesis is wrong c. What do these theories have to do with Neanderthals?i. 1856: Neander Valley, Germanyii. Did we interbreed with them?iii. Neandertal hunting and subsistence1. Collections of Neandertal fossils, Mousterian tools, and bones of animals indicate Neandertals hunted large game.iv. What relationship did modern humans (Homo Sapien sapiens) have with their hominin contemporaries 130,000 to 28,000 years ago?1. Central Focus of the debate:a. Svante Pääbo’s Mapping of the Neandertal genomeb. “We Have Always Mixed”2. Nova Clips on Neandertals: Science of Culture/ Culture of Sciencea. Made before genome project was done b. How is the contemporary and historical idea of “race” relevant to the Neandertal debate?c. Mitochondrial DNA only passed on through the motheri. Variations in DNA can show lineage/ancestryii. Looked at mtDNA from modern humans – varied from each other by an average of 8 mutations, fromneandertals 20+ yearsiii. Side branch of human evolution, not our ancestors,other argument that they are our ancestors – what do we mean by humaniv. “species” defined as being able to reproduce and offspring is able to create