ANTHRCUL 101 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study GuideNote: Minor details subject to change, though any changes would be widely publicized!Multiple Choice Fill in the BlankShort AnswerNO Term Identifications2/9: Meet the PrimatesPrimarily rely on Pr. Mitani lecture slides for this section: Why, according to Pr. Mitani, do anthropologists study non-human primates?o Provide the standard to assess human uniqueness – helps us understand what makes humans different from the rest of the biological worldo Primates inform us about the changes that must have taken place during the course of our own evolution What are the basic primate characteristics?  Grasping hands and feet Nails instead of claws Increased reliance on vision Reduced dependence on olfaction (smell) Generalized dentition (teeth)  Primates live long lives Develop slowly (prolonged infant dependency) Give birth to one infant at a time, with mothers displaying extensive parental care Large brains What do human non-human homologies indicate?o Homology: trait we have only because of shared ancestry In what ways primates similar to humans? Generalist feeders, Group living  Meat eaters Tool manufacture and use Inbreeding avoidance Complex social relationsReading: CT, Mitani, Fearing a Life without Apes: Basic understanding (what does Pr. Mitani suggest is currently at stake?)2/11: Cultural Significance of PrimatesMonkey in the Mirror Video Clips: Shapiro, Askwith: VIDEO 25981-H v7252, Kanzi the bonobo and language abilities, Bonobo social life section, self-recognition in the mirror segment. What kinds of activities is Kanzi asked to do in the video segments we watched?Radiolab on Kanzi: (What makes Kanzi angry in this Radiolab episode? How does he apparently react?)2/13: Early Hominins/ Humans Emerging  What is a hominin, and roughly when does the first appear?o Hominins: member of human lineage after its split from chimps 6 million years ago Very Basic early hominin chronology/ taxonomy (know the basic order of appearance, not exact dates). 1. Ardipithecus: 6 million years ago 2. Australopithecus New genus beginsa. Australopithecus Anamensis b. Australopithecus Afarensis c. Later Australopithecinesi. Gracile ii. Robust3. Homo Habilisi. Homo erectusii. Archaic Homo Sapiens4. Neandertal??  Features of mosaic evolution in hominins. In other words, what are the defining features of the hominin line? Bipedalism: walking upright Relocation of Foramen Magnum Larger brain-to-body ratio Increased tool use Teeth patterns Skeletal changes and bipedalism (what happens to the foramen magnum?) How are brain size, pelvic shape, and bipedalism related when it comes to childbirth?o Brain size increases, hips must get wider to fit through birth canal, bipedalism changes location of hips- pelvis needs to be flexible enough for a larger brain to come out but small enough that the baby doesn’t fall out  When does the Homo genus appear?o 2.4-1.4 mya Which hominins lived only in Africa?  What is a sagittal crest? A Zygomatic arch? What do they suggest about diet? Did Homo overlap with other hominins? Which was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, and what continents did they inhabit?o Erectus, Africa, Asia, Europe Which hominin first used fire regularly (why is that significant?) o Homo Erectus Which hominin species are associated with Oldowan tools? Homo Habilis Acheulian? Homo erectus Mousterian? NeandertalADDED (3/11): Race, the Power of an Illusion v.1, “The Difference Between Us”: Askwith Media Library Room 2002 Shapiro VIDEO-‐D 37174-‐D, The first 30 minutes the of excerpted version on the DVD. 2/16: Hominin Predicaments: Race and PowerBasic understanding of the Neanderthal debate (What defines the basic debate in the film clips we watched (see Ctools for clip locations)? How is the debate linked to the social context of those who have taken it up?  What relationship might the debate have to the idea of racial classification? Additional Reading/ Viewing: Svante Paabo, “Our View of Ourselves” and Wolpoff, “What do wemean by human?” Basic reading/viewing comprehension. See corresponding lecture slides to assist your focus. 2/18: Predicaments of Food Production What does the Broad Spectrum Revolution refer too Wider range of plant/ animal life hunted, gathered, collected, caught, fishedo Focused on animals with quick, prolific reproduction (away from large game)o Formed groundwork for emergence of food production/ domesticationo NOT in itself the origin of agricultural but probably the precondition – what madeagriculture possible Understand the basic story of the emergence of food production in the Middle East and what role did the Natufian culture play Climate change expands natural range of wheat and barley growth  Natufian Culture: adopt sedentism (staying in one place, not constantly foraging)1. Were successful in hunting gathering, had to find places to store things, could gather one year of food in a few weeks 11,000 – 10,500 ya Foragers in the Hilly Flanks What is a Vertical Economy, and how may it have contributed to the emergence of agriculture?o Vertical Economy: Contrasting Climate Zones in close proximity- Seasonal foraging and trade between close but contrasting environments Why is it possible that the "north south" versus "east west" axis matters?- Old World geography eased east/west diffusion of technologyo Doesn’t always spread well – has to do with geography- North-west diffusion is complicated by drastic seasonal variations and day lengths In general terms, what have the consequences of food production been according to anthropologists? What is the relationship between food production and the growth of social inequality and the concept of property? What does Michael Pollan tell us about industrial agriculture and biodiversity? o Michael Pollan’s reading: current state of N. American diet is that we are lead to believe we eat a lot of things but really we just eat corn. How does the story Michael Pollan tells relate to the origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica? What is the case of Percy Schmeiser about? What is the outcome of the case that we watched? How is it related to the concept of property?Other Key Terms: Broad Spectrum Revolution/Neolothic culture/ Teosinte,Key Reading, Michael Pollan chapter, The Omnivore’s Dilemma.Film: