2. What are the 4 types of biomolecules, what do they have in common and what is their individual main contribution to the body?The basic structure of a carbohydrate is Carbon and Water (CH2O)n. The usable carbs in the body are Glucose, Fructose and Galactose. Glucose is easiest to transport and is the most abundant carb in the body used to make other molecules4. What kind of carbohydrate is cellulose, and why is it important in the body?5. What are glycoproteins or glycolypids?Carbohydrates or sugar readily dissolves in water and attaches to proteins making glycoproteins, which without the sugar, the proteins are inactive. Glycolipids have sugar coating on outside of the lipid layer that allows it to grab elements outside of it (glycocalyx= sticky sugar coating). The sugar coating on molecules extends the half life of the molecule6. What percentage of carbohydrates should exist in a healthy diet?Research reports that our carboload should be 40-60% of our diet and 40% should be whole grains to get cellulose.7. What is the basic structure of a Lipid?A lipid is a Hydrocarbon or hydrogenated carbon (saturated with Hydrogens). A long chain of these is called a fatty acid. They have no polarity, which makes then hydrophobic, mutually excluding water. Primary Fatty acid is a saturated fatty acid CH3(CH2)nCOOH (palmitic acid – solid and rigid at room temperature. A Secondary Fatty acid is monounsaturated fatty acid, or oleic acid with 2 less hydrogens and double bond, adds kink to carbon chain and makes it oil at room temperature. An Omega Fatty acid is Healthy for diet, and is Lenolic acid, a polyunsaturated acid (2 double bonds). This fatty acid leads to better immune response to disease and injury8. What is important about the hydrophobic quality of a fatty acid?Cholesterol is an important fat that fortifies membrane. Too much, however could over fortify the membrane, taking away its flexibility and making it brittle. Normal cholesterol= 200 mg/dL, and firm hypercholestoremia= 220mg/dL and above. Cholesterol has two carriers; a “good carrier,” HDL that is a scavenger that picks up extra cholesterol and brings it to the liver to be used, and a “bad carrier” LDL, which brings cholesterol to tissues and adds it to their membrane, making it susceptible to break. Cholesterol are also the building blocks of steroids, or hormones in the body, used to control homeostasisWhat are the fat soluable vitamins in the body? What are their functions in the body?The body’s fat soluable vitamins are A, B, C, D, E, K. There is a minimum and a maximum for usage, they are stored in body and if surpass maximum can get sick. Vitamin A (Retinol)- comes into the body as beta-Carotine “caratinoid” and is important for having moist glands, soft skin and hair. It also is a pigmented chemical that improves vision. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that through metabolism we produce free radicals that nutrilize radical oxygen species (OH-, O2- they carry the extra electron electrolyte). Vitamin K is an essential part of blood clotting, the liver has to make coagulation proteins using Vitamin K. We do not usually obtain Vitamin K in diet and rather from the bacteria in our gut (E. coli). Vitamin D is in milk (calcitrol) that stimulates the conservation of calcium, absorbing it and bringing it to the gut.Lecture 3: Lipids and Nucleic Acids1. What is the structure of a triglyceride and what is it used for?Triglyceride is made of glycerol and 3 palmitic acid, it is used for fate storage in the body and is the largest form of energy reserve. It is fount in adipose tissue.2. What is the basic structure of Nucleic Acids, and what is their function in the body?BY 116 PhysiologyExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1: Breadth of Physiology1. What are the 10 major biological systems and their primary function in the body? Take two and explain further functional use. 1. Nervous System- Primary Function: Short term Control Organ Function2. Endocrine System- Primary: Long term Control Organ Function3. Circulatory System- Primary: Distribution of Vital Materials4. Respiratory System- Primary: Soluble Gas exchange5. Digestive System- Primary: Nutrient Acquisition 6. *Urinary System- Primary: Fluid and Waste removalSecondary/other Functions: detoxification, Water control, metabolism regulation, Hydrostatic Blood pressure regulation- other functions related to the Circulatory System and the endocrine system *Think about other functions of each System and how they may connect to and effect others7. Reproductive system- Primary: Gametogenesis8. Musculoskeletal System- Primary: Rigidity, Bodily movement9. Immune System- Primary: Internal Defense to Injury 10. *Integumentary System- Primary: Physical encasementOther Functions: skin is the largest system that responds to our environment *Think about other functions for each system like done in these systems and observe how related the systems are2. If our physiological brain is below the basal level, what happens?We die if this is true. Basal level- level where minimum work is done (below this we are no longer living). 3. What is the difference between work, effort and purpose? Work is the effort applied toward an accomplishment. Effort is the independent variable that depends on the environment and can exist on its own. Purpose is the dependent variable orachievement that is reached and can not exist by itself. Efforts can lead to purposes, just like cause and effect.4. What are the 5 requirements of physiology for life?1. Growth and Structural Development2. Nutritional Gain and Distribution3. Utilize Energy – chemical metabolism4. Remove Waste – Detoxification5. Resting vs. Acting conditions5. What is the difference between a Teleological and Mechanistic questions?Teleological questions are the big picture questions of purpose (why does something exist?), while the mechanistic questions are questions about the effort (what is the process of the reaction, what are the steps overtime that allow whatever to exist?). The mechanistic answer can be a serial process of steps or a conditional process of circumstances that has many paths.6. What is Homeostasis? How does it work in the body? What are some regulation processes it may include?Homeostasis is basis for which the internal environment is contained and adjusted in response to the environment (Stable environment through dynamic adaptability). It monitors many variables: pH, growth, gases, electrolytes,