I. Metabolism- the total sum of chemical reactionsA. Metabolic pathway- means to an end that get to that end for a purposeB. We participate in the energy cycle of the universe1. Maintain 2 lawsa) Energy is conserved in the universe as potential energy in the sun (radiation and heat)- plant life take advantage of radiation(1) some animals are dependent on plant life, but humans can use it – called bio fuel(2) energy can not be created or destroyed, but we can make it in form(3) Humans use ATP energy and transform that into workb) Transfer that energy we conserve to physiological work(1) chemical work-(2) transport work(3) mechanical work(4) Electrical work2. Amount of work we do is proportional to our domaina) Basal metabolic rateb) Active metabolic ratec) ** all utilize Aerobic Tissue demaind (Nervous tissue, muscle (max), connective (fat), Epithelium)C. Model of Cellular Metabolism1. Analogy: Cooking directions2. Need to know:a) Pathway nameb) Beginning reactant – chemical namesc) Critical steps- enzymes that vary rated) Key intermediate stepse) Final products- sometimes a numerical value, calculated productf) Where reactions are taking place- associate cellular structure with cellular purpose3. All chemical reactions are a measurement of energy changea) Exerdonic reaction- catabolism- loses energyb) Enderdonic reaction- gain energy- syntheticc) the control of both of these creates perfect energy balanceD. ATP synthesis1. Rechargeable batteries.. NADH, FADH22. Waste: CO2 and H20, oxygen and urea3. Glucose Catabolisma) Takes place in cytoplasmb) Get glucose into the cell- then phosphoralate glucose with enzyme hexose kinase and once this is done, glucose can not leave the cellc) Fructose-6-phosphate uses another ATP to make Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate with the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK). Once you get to this point, there is no turning back, primal phase, costs ATPd) Pay off phase now- no carbons are lost, making 2 3 carbon molecules and 4 ATP. Also recharge 2 NADH batteries (note that NADH was obtained in the cytoplasm)e) 2 fates for pyruvate – lactate and acetyl coa(1) To get to Acetyl-CoA need pyruvate dehydrogenase, oxygen and NADH (Beta- oxidation)(2) No oxygen- lactic dehydrogenase makes lactatic acid- final waste product of anaerobic ATP synthesis, and must be eliminated by the body4. Fatty Acid Metabolisma) TAGS- stored in adipose tissue – have to get it delivered there though—Need adrenaline or epinephrine – stress hormoneb) Stress is good up to a critical point- good stress or eustress, then shifts to losing performance ability- distress(1) must undergo stress to use fat(2) fuel of bodily exercisec) Lipase enzyme cuts the glycerol molecule from the glycerol, allowing the fatty acids to be transported delivering free fatty acids- do not want tags in bloodd) Fat is typically deposited on the heart5. Protein Catabolism- Proteolysis and Deamination Rxnsa) Use hormone cortisol- under chronic stress or distress, never acute stressb) Activates skeletal musclec) Uses proteases to break down muscle proteind) End up with individual amino acid transferred to liver and utilized to make sugar – becomes 2 carbon unit, acetyl coa then pyruvate and glucosee) Deanimates amino acids – takes off amino groupthis becomes ammonia that is converted to urea measure urea in blood and urine to make sure that urea is being produced and ridded6. Krebs cycle (TCA cycle or citric acid cycle)a) Acetyl CoA into mitochondria, NADH and FADH2 and oxaloacetate and uses cytriate synthase (enzyme- if anything inhibits this nothing else happens) and makes citrateb) Products: 1ATP molecule 3 NADH and 1FADH2 for every turn of the cycle (11 reactions) unusable waste is carbon as 2 CO2c) For every one glucose, the citric acid cycle goes through twice7. Electron transport chain- Ox/phos systema) Goal: Use NADH and FADH2 to make ATPb) Process: NADH reacts with first electron pump of the ETC and takes an electron from NADH by oxidation, and the Hydrogen ion is pumped onto the intermembrane space (matrix) *many diseases in body destroy mitochondria- and you diec) Electron is then transported to pump 2 that pumps another proton, then is transferred to the third pump that pumps a third proton. For every 1 NADH, you get 3 protons pumped- 3ATP producedd) FADH2 enters ETC at the second level, the second pump, so that only 2 protons are pumped across and 2ATP are made.e) Electron has to be transferred from the third pump to accept any other electron- otherwise goes to equilibrium, which stops things. Electron has to be transferred to oxygen as the final acceptor – no oxygen, pumps shut down, no cycleII. Energy builds as protons and ATP synthase allows protons to diffuse with –deltaE and takes the energy of diffusion to make ATP with ADP and inorganic Phosphate.Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture C. Transport across membrane1. Transport must occur for mass action2. Requirements for transport3. Fick’s Law 4. Types of TransportOutline of Current LectureI. MetabolismA. Metabolic PathwayB. We participate in Energy CycleC. Model of Cellular MetabolismD. ATP synthesis (All processes)Current LectureI. Metabolism- the total sum of chemical reactionsA. Metabolic pathway- means to an end that get to that end for a purposeB. We participate in the energy cycle of the universe1. Maintain 2 lawsa) Energy is conserved in the universe as potential energy in the sun (radiation and heat)- plant life take advantage of radiation(1) some animals are dependent on plant life, but humans can use it– called bio fuel(2) energy can not be created or destroyed, but we can make it in form (3) Humans use ATP energy and transform that into work b) Transfer that energy we conserve to physiological work (1) chemical work-These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BY 116 1st Edition(2) transport work (3) mechanical work(4) Electrical work2. Amount of work we do is proportional to our domaina) Basal metabolic rate b) Active metabolic rate c) ** all utilize Aerobic Tissue demaind (Nervous tissue, muscle (max), connective (fat), Epithelium)C. Model of Cellular Metabolism 1. Analogy: Cooking directions 2. Need to know:a) Pathway nameb) Beginning reactant – chemical namesc) Critical steps- enzymes that vary rate d) Key intermediate stepse) Final products- sometimes a numerical value, calculated productf) Where