BY 116 Physiology Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. Covered Syllabus and Lab ProceduresOutline of Current Lecture II. Breadth of Physiology III. Define 10 Organ SystemsA. Define Primary Functions and begin thought on Secondary FunctionsIV. Science of PhysiologyA. Questions asked in PhysiologyV. Important Physiological themes Current LectureI. Breadth of Physiology A. Cells= fundamental unit of life (we are not living until we reach cellular life) B. Span of Physiological topics (Increase in size and complexity)Atommoleculescells Tissues  Organs (systems)Organisms Population… Tissue types:1. Connective (involved in connection)2. Epithelial (linings)3. Muscle (motion)4. Nervous (control)C. Structure and Function are interchangeable 1. Structure determines Function and Function requires Structure2. Anatomy is the structure or physical composition and Physiology the function or the work of the physical (chemical reactions)II. 10 Physiological Organ Systems and functions A. Important to note that All the systems are related with integrated functionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Nervous System- Primary Function: Short term Control Organ Function2. Endocrine System- Primary: Long term Control Organ Function3. Circulatory System- Primary: Distribution of Vital Materials4. Respiratory System- Primary: Soluble Gas exchange5. Digestive System- Primary: Nutrient Acquisition 6. *Urinary System- Primary: Fluid and Waste removalSecondary/other Functions: detoxification, Water control, metabolism regulation, Hydrostatic Blood pressure regulation- other functions related to the Circulatory System and the endocrine system *Think about other functions of each System and how they may connect to and effect others7. Reproductive system- Primary: Gametogenesis8. Musculoskeletal System- Primary: Rigidity, Bodily movement9. Immune System- Primary: Internal Defense to Injury 10. *Integumentary System- Primary: Physical encasementOther Functions: skin is the largest system that responds to our environment *Think about other functions for each system like done in these systems and observe how related the systems areB. Physiological Brain1. Basal level- level where minimum work is done (below this we are no longer living)2. Reserve- never better at reserve than you are now. At the age of 25 is as large as your reserve capacity will get. Capacity to do work gets lower after 25III. Physiology= Study of Body of WorkA. Physiology- integrated, living Anatomy. Explains the controlled work of an organismB. Work- Effort applied toward an accomplishment 1. Effort- independent variable that depends on the environment and can exist on its ownC. Purpose- dependent variable (achievement)- can not exist by itself1. **Efforts can leads to Purpose ie. Cause and EffectD. Requirements of Physiology for life (COMMON Purposes)1. Growth and Structural Development2. Nutritional Gain and Distribution3. Utilize Energy – chemical metabolism4. Remove Waste - Detoxification5. Resting vs. Acting conditionsE. Questions asked in Physiology1. Teleological question- Big Picture “why does XYZ exist?” – this is the purpose2. Mechanistic Question- “What is the process of XYZ? What are the steps over time that allow XYZ to exist?” a. Serial process- the stepsb. Conditional process- circumstances (path can be altered) Ex: exerciseif we exercise, the end result changes due to what has been done3. Other questionsa. What is IT? Where does IT occur? When is IT occurring? How does IT occur? Why is IT important? If IT is occurring when "X" is present, then What?IV. Themes of PhysiologyA. Homeostasis- basis for which the internal environment is contained and adjusted in responseto the environment (Stable environment through dynamic adaptability)1. Monitors many variables: pH, growth, gases, electrolytes, waste.. etc.2. Input signal  Controller  Output Signal - monitoring -decisions - Bodily reaction - direct/indirect - voluntary/ involuntary - short/ longterm effect3. Ex: when you eat breakfast, you cross the treshold of nutrition and this triggers an alarm that you have more nutrients than needed, because the threshold is constantly monitored, we act to restore it *here the nutrient is dependent on the effort of the body4. Variations of the Homeostatic Reflexa. Negative Feedback- ending - output restores “set point” and causes reflex to shut off b. Positive Feedback- continual- - event occurs that will alter physiological existence and cause more things to be outside of threshold, thus causing more output until the“event” is taken care of - - not common  feeds itselfc. Feed Forward - there is no input, but the controller anticipates that output is