By 116 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture Special Senses continued Outline of Current LectureI.CNSA. Limbic brain B. Homeostatic brainC. Studying the brainD. Needs of the brain E. StructureF. Modulating SystemsG. Sleep/ wake cyclesCurrent LectureCNSLimbic brain- both sides of the thalamus and right under the cerebrumsupports adrenaline flow, emotion, behavior, long term memory and olfaction Homeostatic brain- animalistic brainStudying brainBrain mapping- recognize that there are little anatomical differences in which structure and function are very differentprimarily made of gyri and sulciearlier studies used probes to map the brain or destroying areas of the brain –this localized physiology with stainingPsychology- Pavlov’s dogs, ringing bell and bringing food, conditioned learningMilgram and the electric shock where the experimenter was actually the subject of studyB.F. Skinner= operant conditioning (behavior is a product of your experiences, positive reward and negative reinforcement, and punishment)Phineas Gage- railroad spike penetrated through his scalp and separated his frontal lobe and completely changed his personalityBrain studiesEEG 4 basic brain waves: beta- alert status, there are 3 types of beta waves, gamma waves- hyper brain wave activity alpha wave- period of relaxation, calmness with little stimuli, theta waves- unconscious sleep, right as you are drifting to unconsciousness These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.delta waves- deep sleep, low frequency, high amplitude, mostly seen in children- not normally seen in adultsnow with a electromagnetic cap can quantitatively can record all four frequencies at once- can retrain the brain can see abnormality and normality at once and can also stimulate the brain with this and use it as treatmentFunctional magnetic residence imaging (fMRI)- can see where there is more blood flowPET(positron emission technology)- see high activity that is actually going on, and can see higher and lower areas of blood flowThis is assuming a relationship between glucose uptake and activityBrain computer interfacing- send brain wave from computer into the brain or from brain into computer- help retrain the brain TMS- Transcranioelectro stimulation- rather than receiving stimulus, it delivers it. Delivering electrical information is used in parkinson’s and to strengthen motor activity after a stroke Animal studies mouse cloning – can express human genes, can over express or under express a genewe have very close genetic relationships to mice so we can do studies like thisCan tag proteins with this too- can see what genes are expressed in neurons in the brain (creating a molecular genetic map)Needs of the brain1 billion neurons in the braindemands 20% of the heart’s blood, brain is 3lbs- most energy demanding tissue in body Constant supply of oxygenConstant CSF supply= nutrientsEach neuron in the brain has 10,000 connections- need a lot of proteins Need good transcription/ translation process to make proteinsNeeds safe environment: Blood-brain barrier- intact physical barrier, no physical contact with outside environment Meninges= membrane barrier that doesn’t allow the CNS to physically contact the bloodmeninges houses the brain with capillary selectivity because everything goes across as active transport StructureCerebra= largest portion of the brain made of many folds (gyri) and ridges (sulci), if unfold brain it is 10x that of the craniumRight and left hemisphere have same anatomical divisionsFrontal lobe- primary sulcus = dorsal end of the frontal lobe near coronal sulcusprimary motor control- nearest the primary sulcus and deals with all voluntary motor control also called primary central gyrus here is also the premotor cortex,- area for the planning of movement prefrontal cortex- planning, reasoning and decision making for movementremembering past experiences here- use these as a blueprint for later movement right frontal lobe contols left side of body and left frontal lobe controls movements of the right Parietal lobepost central gyrus- physical map of labeled lines coming from somatosensesgeneral interpretive area- behind the postcentral gyrus = area of brain where somatosenses andspecial senses combine to interpret reality Occipital Most posterior portion of brainvisual cortexmore neurons coming out of here than anywhere else in the brain, highly connected in conscious wakeful hours 80% of the brain’s activity is working in the occipital lobe Temporal lobeSensory brain- no motor here (mainly hearing balance and taste)hearing- do not cross over until they are interpreted *unique auditory, taste, light memorylongterm memory of balance and hearing here Cerebellummotor memory or muscle memory- stored muscle movementsbalance (coordinator)Corpus callosum – allow cross talk with right and left brainThalamus- in sensory system= major relay hub/distributer of sensory informationsome crude processing takes place Hypothalamusmotor center over all autonomic motor connectors, (balancing resting and acting periods) where we interpret several homeostatic stimuli (thirst, hunger)hypothalamic pitiuitary axis- hormone control, -metabolic control and growth controlled hereMesencephalonreticular formation- about the lowest you get on the anatomy of the brain that can effect behaviorreticular activating system (RAS)- system of pulsing that determines alert status (projection fibers that influence cerebral function)high frequency-= alertlow frequency= less alert( unconsciousSuperior and inferior genticulate (corpora quadrigemina) – auditory and visual secondary crude processing areasPineal gland-releases melatonin, moves from beta to theta and delta waves (sleep-inducing chemical) eyes are open( decreases melatonin, and calming, dark areas increases melatonin levelsPons- relay station into and out of the cerebellum (peducle) motor activity to cross over here- heavy pre and post synaptic control over somatic motor activitypontine nuclei- are responsible for coordinating the smoothness of breathingMedulla- controls breathing and heartrate – cardiopulmonary nuclei (if do not coordinate, preventalation perfusion mishap)Hemisphere specializationleft hemisphere- logical, categorical, communication (receptive and expressive), calculated interpretive area, receives all of the right side somatosenses and