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UAB BY 116 - Blood Components and Function
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I. Options for Blood pressure changes1. Changing Blood Volumea) Changing blood volume is a slower but consistent pressure changeb) Control of Renal fluid – changes blood volume(1) direct – vasopressin from hypothalamus increases, will increase water retention and lower urine output (decrease in vasopressin will have opposite effects)(2) indirect- aldosterone reflex/ adrenal hormone called a mineralcorticoid – Na+ is retained and increase of sodium in plasma will cause a draw from the tissuesc) when vascular resistance is increased, there is an increase in diastolic blood pressure, causing obstruction or inflammation(1) adjustment made will be an increase in heart rate, increase in contractility, increase in vasoconstriction, and increase in fluid retention2. Baroreceptor reflex- brains direct way of changing BPa) Only 2 baroreceptors: carotid and aortic baroreceptors(1) if timing of these two barroreceptors is too slow than brain will increase the blood pressure.(2) If there is a high frequency between the two baroreceptors, the brain will do nothing3. Indirect way brain controls blood pressure changea) measurements in the cerebrospinal fluid will be reflected in the blood plasma(1) blood gases = increase in CO2 (main) decrease in O2(2) Blood energy= measurement of blood glucose levels, low glucose = increase in mean arterial pressure(3) Blood osmolarity= sodium levels elevated4. Blood pressure is required to circulate blood, why do we circulate blood?a) to exchange components of blood with tissue (nutrient to tissue)b) exchange components of tissue with the blood and get rid of it as waste (waste from tissue)O. Blood components1. Eurythrocyte- red blood cella) produced when there is erythropoietin from the kidneyb) platelets (thrombocytes) – we need thrombopoietin from the liver2. White blood cellsa) Neutrophil= most abundantb) monocyte = macrophage – used in healing process and inflammationc) Basophil- mast cells – present in inflammationd) Eosinophils- mainly used in allergic reactions3. Lymphocytesa) B-cell- have ability to see specific foreign agents in body made from plasma cells(1) antibodies will tag any foreign objects so that the killer cells will distroy themb) T-cells- are stored in thymus where they decide if it will be a T-helper cell or a T-killer cellc) if you do not have enough of these, you are immunodeficient and you can not resolve injuries or infection, which may cause you to aquire an opportunistic infectionP. Blood Function overview1. Capillary exchange- gas exchange occurs in order to keep blood pH level and oxygen in the tissues2. Protection- Homeostasis in the body, and holds lymphocytes and immune system3. Transport of:a) Nutrients ( plasma, glucose, H2O)b) ions and mineralsc) soluable gases (o2 and Co2)d) Heat (temperature regulation)e) Hormone distributionf) Urea transport (mainly to kidneys)g) Blood cells (eurythrocytes, lymphocytes)4. Blood volume= 5-6L of blood is present at any time5. Plasma = about 3L of the 5L (58%)a) made of dissolved and suspended solutesb) 90-95% of plasma is waterc) trace elements of magnesium and iron (free and bound)d) organic molecules present: lipids, proteins, glucose, nitrogenous waste (ammonia and urea)e) gases – CO2 and O2 in itf) Ions dissolved in plasma6. Formed elements – blood cellsa) 98% red blood cellsb) 1-2% immune and blood clotting cellsc) ** “buffy coat” = white blood cells, plateletsd) Pluripotent system in red bone marrow – overtime red bone marrow is replaced with yellow bone marrow. –we keep red bone marrow in the pelvic bone and sternume) myeloid stem cell line- vast majority is developed by this linef) lymphoid stem cell line- creates lymphocytes hereLecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture L. Pressure and Perfusion M. Blood Flow Physiology Outline of Current Lecture N. Options for Blood pressure changes O. Blood componentsP. Blood Function overviewCurrent Lecture ***Cardiac output= HR x SV- Systolic blood pressure/ driving pressure - ** need +10 difference between mean arterial pressure and diastolic pressure for blood to circulate I. Options for Blood pressure changes 1. Changing Blood Volume a) Changing blood volume is a slower but consistent pressure change b) Control of Renal fluid – changes blood volume (1) direct – vasopressin from hypothalamus increases, will increase water retention and lower urine output (decrease in vasopressin will have opposite effects)(2) indirect- aldosterone reflex/ adrenal hormone called a mineralcorticoid – Na+ is retained and increase of sodium in plasma will cause a draw from the tissues c) when vascular resistance is increased, there is an increase in diastolic blood pressure, causing obstruction or inflammation(1) adjustment made will be an increase in heart rate, increase in contractility, increase in vasoconstriction, and increase in fluid retentionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BY 116 1st Edition2. Baroreceptor reflex- brains direct way of changing BPa) Only 2 baroreceptors: carotid and aortic baroreceptors (1) if timing of these two barroreceptors is too slow than brain will increase the blood pressure.(2) If there is a high frequency between the two baroreceptors, the brain will do nothing 3. Indirect way brain controls blood pressure change a) measurements in the cerebrospinal fluid will be reflected in the blood plasma(1) blood gases = increase in CO2 (main) decrease in O2 (2) Blood energy= measurement of blood glucose levels, low glucose = increase in mean arterial pressure(3) Blood osmolarity= sodium levels elevated 4. Blood pressure is required to circulate blood, why do we circulate blood?a) to exchange components of blood with tissue (nutrient to tissue)b) exchange components of tissue with the blood and get rid of it as waste (waste from tissue) O. Blood components 1. Eurythrocyte- red blood cell a) produced when there is erythropoietin from the kidneyb) platelets (thrombocytes) – we need thrombopoietin from the liver 2. White blood cells a) Neutrophil= most abundant b) monocyte = macrophage – used in healing process and inflammationc) Basophil- mast cells – present in inflammationd) Eosinophils- mainly used in allergic reactions3. Lymphocytes a) B-cell- have ability to see specific foreign agents in body made from plasma cells(1) antibodies will tag any foreign objects so that the


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