Cardiac pressure- volume/ min – forward surging pressure into the systemVessel pressure- container pressureBlood Volume and density – hydrostatic and frictional pressure of systempericardium- outer serous membraneMyocardium – muscular chamber- most is in the left ventricle, need this chamber to be very powerfulEndocardium- internal layer that contains the valve2 types of valves are the cuspid valve, a one way valve, that has a tighter seal with 2 cusps rather than 3, the left has the bicuspid valve because needs to be more pressurized so needs to be tighter. Then there are the semilunar valves known by the doorway into the circuit they govern, pulmonary valve , and the aortic valve – lets as much blood through as it can, needs to open as far as it cancardiac output (systolic pressure) heart rate and stroke volume  driving pressureperipheral vessel ”resistance”hemodynamic pressure – blood’s volume and density  also is resistive pressureBy 116 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide IMPORTANT QUESTIONS regarding the Heart, Ventilation and Blood Circulatory systemWhat are the 3 components to understanding the heart’s physiology?Rate, rhythm and output. What are the food and nutrient wastes of the cardiac and respiratory system?Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, acids (lactic and carbonic) and ureaHow and why is the structure of the arteries different from the veins?Arteries contain more smooth muscle, making arterial pressure always higher than venous pressure. The smooth muscle in arteries also gives the vessels more resistance to stretching. Veins, however are delicate, with less smooth muscle and contain valves that can not stand up to high pressure, which can lead to pooling and varicose veins. What are the 3 pressures that make up total blood pressure?Cardiac pressure- volume/ min – forward surging pressure into the system Vessel pressure- container pressure Blood Volume and density – hydrostatic and frictional pressure of system What are the 3 membrane that provide the chambers of the heart and the 2 types of valves in the heart?pericardium- outer serous membrane Myocardium – muscular chamber- most is in the left ventricle, need this chamber to be very powerful Endocardium- internal layer that contains the valve2 types of valves are the cuspid valve, a one way valve, that has a tighter seal with 2 cusps rather than 3, the left has the bicuspid valve because needs to be more pressurized so needs to be tighter. Then there are the semilunar valves known by the doorway into thecircuit they govern, pulmonary valve , and the aortic valve – lets as much blood through as it can, needs to open as far as it can What are some special physiological components of the heart that are not present in other muscles?The heart contains Troponin I that will still complex with calcium upon contraction but is specificto the heart. An assay of Troponin I will tell you if a person has had a heart attack recently. Intercalated disks are also located in between heart cells, they are calcium channels that can stimulate each other by transmitting the signal over the gap junctions, which allows them to contract as a single unit.What is the normal resting heartrate of someone with a functioning SA node? What would the heart rate be if only the AV node was functioning? What would it be if only the ventricular foci are functioning? What is considered panic mode or a failed pump?The normal resting heart rate with a functioning SA node would be 60-90BPM. A BPM under 60 is bradycardia, while a BPM over 90 is considered tachycardia. A person with only a functioning AV nodewould have a heart rate between 40 and 60 BPM and then a person with only a functioning ventricular foci would have a heart rate between 20 and 40 BM. Panic mode or fibrillation would be a heart rate of 350 BPM.What event occurs during the P-R interval of the EKG?This is the time of AV delay, where the AV node is beginning to send its signal to have the cuspid valves close. This can not be too short, or too long, and is always between 0.12 and 0.2 seconds, less that this would be a 1st degree block.What is the volume of blood released from the QRS complex referred to?The QRS complex is ventricular contraction, this is when the power stroke occurs, and thus the volume of blood is referred to as stroke volume.What would ST depression indicate? ST elevation?ST depression would indicate coronary arterial disease, which is injury to the coronary artery related to nutrition (From atherosclerosis- fat build up on arteries). ST elevation would be indicative of resistance to blood flow seen in heart attacks and known as hypertension.What does the QT segment represent, how is this different in the heart than other muscles? How long is this segment?The QT segment represents the entire contraction of the ventricle and produces stroke volume. The segment is different in the heart than in other muscles because it has a plateau caused by a Calcium influx while the potassium is effluxing. The segment lasts for 0.44 seconds of the entire 0.7 second cycle. What is the volume left in the heart after a ventricular contraction known as?This is known as end systolic volume or ESV.What is the isovolumetric phase also known as?This is the P-R segment. When the build up of pressure before the pressure of the ventricle (preload pressure) is greater than the pressure outside the ventricle (after-load pressure) When do the heart sounds occur in the EKG and the cycle diagram?The first heart sound occurs right after the Pwave on the EKG and it is B on the heart cycle diagram. What are the two ways you can increase cardiac output?Increasing heart rate and increasing stroke volume. You can increase heart rate by increasing the skeletal pump, the respiratory pump or venous constiction (stimulated by epinephrine) both causing EDV to increase and ESV to decrease. What are the 3 types of pressure?cardiac output (systolic pressure) heart rate and stroke volume  driving pressure peripheral vessel ”resistance” hemodynamic pressure – blood’s volume and density  also is resistive pressure Mean arterial pressure can be found by the combination of what variables?It is caused by cardiac output times the total peripheral resistance. It can be calculated by diastolicpressure + 1/3 of systolic- diastolic pressure. Also the combination of blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume and vessel radius. What is the only appropriate correction to