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UAB BY 116 - Autonomic nervous systems, and Smooth muscles
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D. Sympathetic- (T1-L2- thoracospinal region) autonomic nuclei of the spinal nerves, short preganglionic neuron synapses in chain ganglion, then can travel superiorly and inferiorly to synapse on post ganglionic receptor1. always activated – releases nor epinephrine as neurotransmittera) norepinephrine has alpha and beta type- adrenergic receptorsb) metabotropic- G-protein and is a second messenger like cyclic AMP, which leads to Genetic response, kinase and opening of calcium channels2. Reflexesa) Cardioacceleratory- baroreceptor reflexb) dilates eyes and bronchiolesc) increases SA node rated) inhibits insulin, stimulates sweat glands, activates lipase in adipose tissue, increases protein in mouth and decreases salivae) sperm ejaculation, uterine contractionf) Vasomotor- high blood movement, blood volume increases through rennin release from kidney3. gray rami- where sympathetic chain is and the sympathetic nerves synapse -always EPSP at this synapse4. termination- long postganglionic neuron to norepinephrine- fight or flight response5. Long term sympathetic stimulation has negative effects:a) type A personality have higher level of peptic ulcers in small intestine or stomach due to long-term sympathetic stimulationb) Ischemia- leads to hypoxic cells, cells without oxygen that results in resorting to glycolysis which produces lactic acid6. Epinephrine- will inhibit release of insulin, which results in hyperglycemia (temporarily diabetic) – see issues when made long-term7. Temporary hypertension, long term would result in arterial disease or hypertrophic heart defect.E. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral system)- rest and digest. Preganglionic neuron begins in cranial nerves and extends (mostly Vagus nerve CNX) Sacral nerves for digestion and waste1. Long preganglionic neuron, originating from CN III, VII,IX, X and S2 - S4 goes all the way to target and then there is an intermural synapse on the target and short post ganglionic neurons are short and just on the target2. The post ganglionic neuron will release acetylcholine and are very short3. Reflexesa) Produce saliva with hypoglossal,b) Pupil constriction with oculomotor nerve, CNIIIc) Rest of reflexes come from the vagus nerve, increase bile, increase motility, increased digestive enzyme secretion and insulin secretion, blood engorgement in the reproductive areas4. Parasympathetic system has no ablity to direct blood flow, but the heart can slow down and that is the only control on blood. (cardiodecceleratory)5. As close as we get to the homeostatic basis of life, we can live without the sympathetic system, but the parasympathetic system is the minimum of life6. the receptor can be cholinergic Nicotinic or muscarinic, but is mostly in the muscarinic variety.VI. Smooth muscle- movement through a hollow organ, due to smooth muscle rings around themA. Common smooth muscles1. Areas they are found:a) lumen of a hollow organb) Blood vesselsc) Bronchi2. looks smooth, elongated spindle, single nucleated, occurs in layers, but is not striated, because in multiple axes3. High amount of mitochondria highly dependent on oxygenB. Specialized smooth muscles1. Iris and cilliary eye muscles- control image with contractions2. sphincter- control excretions3. arrector pilli- control hairs to stand upC. Physiological Types:1. single unit smooth muscle- as a single unit through electrical connections of gap junctions, this will contract fully as one unit, more common, and creates large movements2. multi-unit smooth muscle- (ex. the ciliary body of the iris) - has a wave of contraction but each cell has to be stimulated individually- more of an exception and produces delicate movementsD. Features of all muscle= excitability, conductivity, contractability, and extensibility1. Excitability- depolarizing the sarcolemma, slow type of response (have more stable resting potential) – must conduct calcium into the cell- called calcium induced calcium releasea) MLCK- stands for Myosin like chain kinase (kinase= phosphates)b) Myosin has 2 active binding sites- one for actin and one for ATPc) Drugs can inhibit digestive MLCK and not bronchial MLCK2. Conduct the calcium signal across3. Contraction begins with binding and unbinding of myosin to actin (crossbridge cycle)a) myosin is stationary at the trail region, then energy is used to make the tail from 45 to 90 degrees to bind to actin, then when it unloads the phosphate, it will create a power stroke.b) actin is pulled toward myosins stationary point, this is non-synchronizedc) shortening produces tensiond) diameter of organ gets smaller in contraction, volume decreases, and pressure increases  pressure is what causes movement(1) Pressure will speed the movements through the area4. Pacemaker type of contraction in smooth muscles5. Extensibility of muscle- elasticity of contraction (really important in digestive system)6. Elasticity, ability for muscle to relax7. In smooth muscle, this contraction is very slow, but is also strong.II. Voluntary Muscle Physiology – somatic motor activityA. 3 muscles that are involved1. Primary movers- Skeletal muscle2. Postural muscles- deep muscle3. Muscles of ventilation- intercostals muscles, diaphragm- movement of the thoracic cage sizeB. Skeletal muscle1. Heat producers- thermoregulation2. Pumps around the blood vessels, some control over blood; assists the return of blood to the heart. Veins are controlled by skeletal muscle though venous valvesa) Thoracic pump- have inferior vena cava making a sort of vacuum, negative pressure that will suck the blood to the heart.3. Creatinin (waste product of muscle work) is filtered through the kidney and used to see if they are healthy4. contributes to acid control/base regulation because they will not be breaking down lactic acid5. Structurea) origin- on immovable skeletal bone, closest to the middline, insertion- on the movable boneb) thickest portion of muscle is muscle body- shortens toward the bodyc) muscle facet= bundle of muscle fibers, they give us the different shapesd) muscle fiber is a bundle of myofibrils, wrapped around these is a sarcoplasmic reticulum, and tubulin (network of tubes that transverse across the muscle fibers and are the conductors in the cell)e) myofibrils – give us contractility(1) thin filaments- actin(2) thick filaments- myosinf) the t- tubuloles and SR is conductivityg) sarcolemma= excitabilityh) endomesium, perimesium, epimesium important to extensibility and elasticityLecture 14 Outline


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