I. Chemical Makeup of bodyA. Elements1. We are made of roughly 29 different elements- classified into major and minor elements based on their concentration2. Major elements- Carbon Hydrogen oxygen, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur3. Minor elements- Electrolytes, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3-4. Why these elements?a) small- have the ability to concentrate more into smaller areasb) bonding- ability to readily form covalent and ionic bondsc) Elements are extremely abundantB. Molecules- 2 or more atoms joined together by bonding (**Biomolecules are the same chemistry but inside of body)1. Common chemical feature of biomolecules is that it is an ingested nutrient and in a “monomeric” form2. Know best sources of nutrients and in what capacity by Nutritious Pyramid- use to balance energy input and outputa) Pyramid base= “wholesome foods” meaning least processed foods, rich in numerous nutrientsb) Top of pyramid is the most processed foodsc) Width of pyramid = amount that should be present in your dietd) most diets are based on 2000 calorie diet3. 4 Types of Biomoleculesa) Carbohydrates- one of the most abundant molecules in the body(1) Carbohydrate is Carbon and Water (CH2O)n(2) Body must process food into usable carbs, which are: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose(3) Glucose is easiest to transport and is the most abundant carb in the body used to make other molecules(4) Disaccharides(a) Sucrose- (table sugar)= glucose and fructose(b) Maltose- (syrup)= 2 glucose(c) Lactose (milk sugar)= glucose and galactose(i) Lactose only made in the 1st year of life one reason why Lactose intolerance is so common. Also women are more prone to develop intolerance after 1st pregnancy(5) Polysaccharides- mostly in grains and some meats(a) Chitin- very abundant, in the shell of insects(b) Cellulose- non-digestible carbohydrate(i) keeps chyme together in digestive system why called “dietary fiber”(ii) mostly in grains and important in colon help and overall nutrition(iii) lack of cellulose leads to obesity and can cause colorectal cancer because it is hard to keep waste solid without cellulose, making it harder to leave the body and allowing it to fester(c) glycogen- animal major storage of sugar mainly in liver and muscles(i) accounts for 10% of energy reserved and is the first energy reserve we dip into(ii) glycolysis= glycogen lysis (breakdown) to glucose(6) glycoproteins/ glycolipids(a) sugar readily dissolves in water and attaches to proteins, making glycoproteins, which without the sugar, the proteins are inactive(b) glycolipids have sugar coating on outside of the lipid layer that allows it to grab elements outside of it (glycocalyx= sticky sugar coating)(c) sugar coating molecules extends the half life of the molecule(7) Carbs in diet – research reports that our carboload should be 40-60% of our diet and 40% should be whole grains to get cellulose(a) Fruits- loaded with disaccharides, but has many vitamins(b) Vegetables- those with bright colors are best(c) Dairy- should be very low in diet(d) Honey- fast energy= glucose and fructose and goes straight into the body- high calorie content(e) meat- low carbohydrate sourceb) Lipids(1) Is a Hydrocarbon- hydrogenated carbon (saturated with Hydrogens)(2) Fatty acids are solid or oils at room temp(3) No polarity hydrophobic(a) we are 50-60% water, so the lipids compartmentalize and make membranes with hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside(b) used for containment(4) ½ life of lipid is longer than any other biological molecule(5) Primary Fatty acid= saturated fatty acid CH3(CH2)nCOOH(a) palmitic acid – solid and rigid at room temperature(6) Secondary Fatty acid- monounsaturated fatty acid(a) oleic acid- with 2 less hydrogens and double bond, adds kink to carbon chain and makes it oil at room temp(7) Omega Fatty acid- Healthy for diet(a) Lenolic acid= polyunsaturated acid (2 double bonds) – leads to better immune response to disease and injury(8) Phosphoglycolipid= Palmitic Acid and Oleic Acid(a) attached to glycerol, and sugar makes it a phospholipids(9) Structural Formations(a) Phospholipid bilayer- membrane of cells(b) micelle- how we get fats in our bodies(c) liposome- carrying molecule that can go in and out of cells without harming the membrane(10) Functions(a) structure, compartmentalizing cells(b) used for signaling- membrane has chemical digestion that signals body to do things(11) Cholesterol- important fat that fortifies membrane(a) do not want too much- could make cell wall brittle(b) body makes its own cholesterol(c) normal cholesterol= 200 mg/dL(i) firm hypercholestoremia= 220 and above(d) HDL- “good carrier” of cholesterol  scavenger that picks up extra cholesterol and brings it to the liver to be used(e) LDL- “bad carrier” of cholesterol  brings cholesterol to tissues and adds it to their membrane, making it susceptible to break(f) Are the building block of steroids(i) steroids- hormones that control homeostasis in the body – usually end in –ol or –one(12) Eicosanoids= Arachadonic Acid(a) prostaglandins- stimulants of pain(b) leukotrienes(13) Vitamins- important metabolic regulator(a) Fat soluable vitamins: A, B, C, D, E, K – have a minimum and a maximum for usage, they are stored in body and if surpass maximum can get sick(i) Vitamin A (Retinol)- comes into the body as beta-Carotine “caratinoid”(a) Important for having moist glands, soft skin and hair(b) vision- it is a pigmented chemical that improves vision(ii) Vitamin E- antioxidant – through metabolism we produce free radicals that nutrilize radical oxygen species (OH-, O2-) – they carry the extra electron electrolyte(iii) Vitamin K- essential part of blood clotting(a) Liver has to make coagulation proteins using Vitamin K(b) We do not usually obtain in diet and rather from the bacteria in our gut (E. coli)(c) people with colon problems can be deficient, leading to bruising and bleeding (common in elderly)(iv) Vitamin D- milk = calcitrol that stimulates the conservation of calcium, absorbing it and bringing it to the gut.BY 116 1stEdition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Breadth of Physiology II. Define 10 Organ SystemsA. Define Primary Functions and begin thought on Secondary FunctionsIII. Science of PhysiologyA. Questions asked in PhysiologyIV. Important Physiological themes Outline of Current Lecture V. Chemical Make-up in BodyA. ElementsB. MoleculesCurrent LectureI. Chemical Makeup of bodyA. Elements1. We are