I. VentilationA. Anatomy of Pulmonary system1. Right lung, more problematic because the lobes are steeper (have 3 lobes2. Left lung have 2 lobes3. Bronchiole constriction – means smooth muscle is contracting, decreasing radius and reducing air flow4. Unfolded surface area of lung is about the size of a tennis court5. each alveolar sac has a capiliary beda) alveolar sacs must be inflatedb) type II is called surfactant- coats the outside of alveolar cells with lipid and provides surface tension so that water tension does not crush the alveola6. Pleural space – transpulmonary pressure gradient is that the inside of the lungs is always greater inside the lung than the intrapleural pressure – if the intrapleural pressure is ever greater than or equal to the alveolar pressure= collapsed lunga) collapsed lung can be caused by : tension- rib puncture, and spontaneous sac rupture (two together called pneumothorax)7. musclesa) diaphragm- main muscle used, quiet breathingb) intercostals – accessory, only used in forced breathingB. Respiration1. Eupnia – quiet/rest breathing (10-12 breaths/min)2. Lung – Expansiona) compliance- contraction of diaphagm for inspired airb) lung recoil – (elastice) – relaxation of diaphagm for expired air3. Boyles Law = PiVi=PfVfa) volume increases and pressure drops, air flows in until reaches equilibrium(1) is a energy cost to move inb) decrease in volume increases alveolar pressure and air flows out(1) does not cost energy to exhale unless you forcibly exhale with musclesc) effected by resistance in the system4. Spirometrya) Tidal volume = Eupeniab) healthy lungs’s ERV= 1Lc) residual volume is the air that you can not push out (dirty air), not the air that keeps your lungs inflatedd) FEV1 should be 80% of the total volume – will tell if you have fibritic lung(1) Test will tell if you have a fibritic lung- decreased IRV(2) Or tell if you have obstructed lung – this is an increased residual volume (emphazema)5. Monitor pH by CO2 levels in the CSFa) 70% of Co2 levels is carried as bicarbonate= acid(1) acid also carried as lactic acid and ketoacid (diabetes) – increased acid causes hyperventilation6. Minute ventilation = rate times Tidal Volume= 6 L/min7. Alveolar Ventilation= Rate times (ventilation – Dead Space) = 4.2 L/min(1) V/ Q match = 4.2/4.9 = .8 = 1(2) Q= perfusion rate8. Dalton’s law = total pressure of any gas = to the sum of all the partial pressuresa) increase altitude decreases pressure, but the percentages of the air components remain the sameb) since FRC= IRV + RV, meaning that air is mixed with dirty air- changes the mixture of gases(1) this change makes the gas pressure gradient so that it is favorable to have oxygen move in and CO2 move out9. Henry’s law of solubilitya) oxygen’s solubility is very lowb) carbon dioxide solubility is fairly highc) PvO2 represents the tissues oxygen and is seen at 40mmHg at rest and as high as 35 mmHg with exercise(1) pressure in blood is lower than the oxygen pressure in the lung so it will move into the water until it is equilibrated.d) PvCO2- tissue PCO2 (waste) is 45mmHg at rest and 50mmHg at Exercise – favors CO2 leaving the plasma and entering the lung, since the pressure is lower in the lung(1) remember that this CO2 is only 10% of the CO2 in the body10. To force Co2 out and gain oxygen, have to have red blood cellsa) in alveoli oxygen is favored to move in until it equilibrates,  to force oxygen in, hemoglobin will pull oxygen in and has to displace CO2b) CO2 is forced to leave by bringing in oxygen, and then it is displaced in the plasma and will readily be released in the lung because this is favored by the pressure gradientc) **oxygen has to be brought into the hemoglobins for this whole process to happen!d) if blood pH levels are lower than 7.0 – we diee) 4-6 million red blood cells and each one carried 4 oxygen molecules—this is the SaO2, we want this to be 99% - which is 197 ml for every liter of blood(1) we only need 200 ml of O2 and we get 1000ml of O2 – average VO2 max is 2-5L/minLecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture Q. Plasma transport continuedR. Exchange Outline of Current Lecture II. VentilationA. Anatomy of Pulmonary SystemB. RespirationCurrent Lecture I. VentilationA. Anatomy of Pulmonary system1. Right lung, more problematic because the lobes are steeper (have 3 lobes2. Left lung have 2 lobes3. Bronchiole constriction – means smooth muscle is contracting, decreasing radius and reducing air flow 4. Unfolded surface area of lung is about the size of a tennis court 5. each alveolar sac has a capiliary beda) alveolar sacs must be inflated b) type II is called surfactant- coats the outside of alveolar cells with lipid and provides surface tension so that water tension does not crush the alveola6. Pleural space – transpulmonary pressure gradient is that the inside of the lungs is always greater inside the lung than the intrapleural pressure – if the intrapleural pressure is ever greater than or equal to the alveolar pressure= collapsed lunga) collapsed lung can be caused by : tension- rib puncture, and spontaneous sacrupture (two together called pneumothorax)7. muscles a) diaphragm- main muscle used, quiet breathing b) intercostals – accessory, only used in forced breathing These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BY 116 1st EditionB. Respiration1. Eupnia – quiet/rest breathing (10-12 breaths/min)2. Lung – Expansiona) compliance- contraction of diaphagm for inspired airb) lung recoil – (elastice) – relaxation of diaphagm for expired air3. Boyles Law = PiVi=PfVfa) volume increases and pressure drops, air flows in until reaches equilibrium(1) is a energy cost to move in b) decrease in volume increases alveolar pressure and air flows out(1) does not cost energy to exhale unless you forcibly exhale with musclesc) effected by resistance in the system 4. Spirometry a) Tidal volume = Eupenia b) healthy lungs’s ERV= 1L c) residual volume is the air that you can not push out (dirty air), not the air that keeps your lungs inflatedd) FEV1 should be 80% of the total volume – will tell if you have fibritic lung (1) Test will tell if you have a fibritic lung- decreased IRV(2) Or tell if you have obstructed lung – this is an increased residual volume (emphazema)5. Monitor pH by CO2 levels in the CSFa) 70% of Co2 levels is carried