d) Proteins- working molecules of the cell(1) helps metabolism depending on what they are made of and how many(2) Structure(a) H2N - C- COOH attached to an R group, the R group differentiates makes 20 different amino acids(b) H2N is the N terminus and COOH is the C-terminus(c) C and N terminus is reactive and creates peptide bonds, water is produced, ATP is used(d) has hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties based on the R group(3) Nutrient – should have 3- 6oz. a day(a) meat- USDA only recommends you to eat a fist full a week, legumes- beans, Peas/soybeans, Nuts- mostly fat, Dairy(4) Further structure(a) primary structure- sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds(b) secondary structure- alpha helixes or Beta sheets made by hydrogen bonding along the backbone(c) tertiary structure- first functional group, Fibrous proteins (ex. Actin- cytoskeleton, collagen-Extracellular matrix, elastin- Extracellular matrix) and Globular proteins(d) quaternary structure- Combination of more than one peptide joined by weak bonds. mostly enzymes(5) Enzymes- protein that is a catalyst (accelerator of chemical reaction)(a) Every enzyme has a unique and special pocket- every enzyme is different(b) every protein we eat must be broken down into amino acids before it is functional(c) Structure of Enzyme(i) Active binding site= where chemical reaction takes place.(ii) Lock and Key theory= Substrate specificity- Must react with correct substrate(iii) Induced fit model = must also have affinity for the substrate – allosteric change occurs when the substrate attaches and lowers the enzyme’s affinity for the product(d) catalyst- participates in reaction to lower activation energy, but does not become part of the reaction(e) Importance of Enzymes(i) accelerates the reaction towards equilibrium, when there is no change in energy (energy is zero) and the reaction is at equilibrium(ii) control which reactions it accelerates – controls random energy – Avoids equilibrium even though it pushes the reaction towards it(f) Enzymes help control metabolism. Cell control of metabolism depends on:(i) How cells control enzymes – protein modulation(ii) Input control(iii) Output control(iv) Mass Balance= Input + Product – Output , the continuous process is mass action(the key to avoiding EquilibriumVI. Membrane PhysiologyA. Importance2. Provides Physical encasement and compartmentalization for organization- due to hydrophobic interactions3. Provides a region to attach and stabilize the cellular position4. Provides selective exchange with the environment – molecular movement5. Provides isotonic conditions using unequal distribution to avoid equilibrium and manipulate osmosisa) Usually equal concentrations inside and outb) electrically disequilibrated- resting membrane potential6. Provides sensory awareness to the environmenta) 2 outcomes for any stimulus(1) compensate- adapt and restore(2) dieB. Structure1. Phospholipid bilayer is 50% of membranea) hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head2. Proteins are other 50%a) membrane associated proteins- enzymes for attachment or signalingb) integral proteins- are cell to cell juctions, receptors, transport3. glycocalyx- sticky sugar residuea) offers protectionb) identification- no person has the same membranesc) traps nutrients for the cell4. Compartments are not of equal volume, but have equal concentrationa) Intracellular fluid- 70% of all the water in the body. Fluid compartment of the largest varietyb) interstitial fluid- composed of loose connective tissuec) Extracellular fluid – 30% of water in body. Mostly plasma – 3L of fat in blood of total 42L of blood in the body5. Membrane has a huge role cholesterol = huge threat because if added to the membrane, membrane can become brittleBY 116 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture b) Lipids cont’dc) Nucleic AcidsOutline of Current Lecture d) ProteinsVI. Membrane Physiology A. ImportanceB. StructureCurrent Lectured) Proteins- working molecules of the cell (1) helps metabolism depending on what they are made of and how many (2) Structure(a) H2N - C- COOH attached to an R group, the R group differentiates makes 20 different amino acids(b) H2N is the N terminus and COOH is the C-terminus (c) C and N terminus is reactive and creates peptide bonds, water is produced, ATP is used (d) has hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties based on the R group(3) Nutrient – should have 3- 6oz. a day(a) meat- USDA only recommends you to eat a fist full a week, legumes- beans, Peas/soybeans, Nuts- mostly fat, Dairy (4) Further structure (a) primary structure- sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bondsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.(b) secondary structure- alpha helixes or Beta sheets made by hydrogen bonding along the backbone(c) tertiary structure- first functional group, Fibrous proteins (ex. Actin- cytoskeleton, collagen-Extracellular matrix, elastin- Extracellular matrix) and Globular proteins(d) quaternary structure- Combination of more than one peptide joined by weak bonds. mostly enzymes(5) Enzymes- protein that is a catalyst (accelerator of chemical reaction) (a) Every enzyme has a unique and special pocket- every enzyme is different(b) every protein we eat must be broken down into amino acids before it is functional(c) Structure of Enzyme (i) Active binding site= where chemical reaction takes place. (ii) Lock and Key theory= Substrate specificity- Must react with correct substrate (iii) Induced fit model = must also have affinity for the substrate – allosteric change occurs when the substrate attaches and lowers theenzyme’s affinity for the product(d) catalyst- participates in reaction to lower activation energy, but does not become part of the reaction(e) Importance of Enzymes(i) accelerates the reaction towards equilibrium, when there is no change in energy (energy is zero) and the reaction is at equilibrium(ii) control which reactions it accelerates – controls random energy – Avoids equilibrium even though it pushes the reaction towards it(f) Enzymes help control metabolism. Cell control of metabolism depends on:(i) How cells control enzymes – protein modulation(ii) Input control (iii) Output control(iv) Mass Balance= Input + Product – Output , the continuous process is mass action(the key to avoiding Equilibrium VI. Membrane Physiology A. Importance 2. Provides Physical