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UAB BY 116 - Plasma
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Q. Plasma transport1. Polar nutrients- suspended in plasma fluids or Protein Carried solution determines plasma osmolarity and pH2. Fasting glucose levels should be at 90-100mg/dL)a) hypoglycemia if there is a blood sugar level lower than 90 mg/dL and if it gets to 80, you are in a comab) hyperglycemia records levels above 100 when fasting and greater than 200 when not fasting(1) if you are above this level, you may be diabetic, in which you can be insulin dependent or insulin resistantc) Another option is to measure H1C to tell you if you are diabetic and if you are, how long you have been diabetic3. It is important that we maintain our pH at 7.35- 7.45 in order that we keep enzymatic reactions occurring at optimal ratea) metabolic CO2  carbonic acid (acid of aerobic metabolism)b) metabolic lactic acid comes from anaerobic metabolismc) * can look at levels of different types of acid to determine if we are getting enough oxygend) Body creates a buffering system that converts major base  HCO3- bicarbonate buffer(1) balance electrolytes (Na (acid), Cl (base) , HCO3 (base), Ca (acid), Mg (acid), HPO4 (base)(2) the sum of the acid and bases (positive and negative charges) should equal a positive 10-15(3) higher acid level lowers pH and an increase in base level inceases pH, decreasing the pH to 6 will kill you or increasing the pH level to 8 kills you(4) 99% of calcium is in bones(5) magnesium is very important for detoxifying body4. Proteinsa) coagulation- important for blood clotting – made with prothrombin and fibrinogenb) anti-coagulation- will not let you clot when you don’t need it – Protein S and Cc) Globulins- immunoglobind) hormones- important for regulating glucose/metabolism levels5. Ionization – salts dissociate in reactions with watera) need sodium to dissociate for neural impulses (depolarization), important for muscle contractionb) ionization is also important for neutralization of acids and basesc) Neutralization reactions in blood(1) CO2 +H2O  H2CO3 +H2O  HCO3- +H3O+ This reaction occurs in forward and reverse(2) venous blood is more acidic than arteries (has more CO2)(3) if you can not get CO2 out of the lungs, then you can not get it out of the body—COPD can cause this due to smoking and increases blood CO2, causing acidosis(4) Kidney must get rid of rest of our acid (HSO4 and HPO4, lactic acid)d) Acid Buffering system (3 systems)(1) plasma bicarbonate system – primary ridding of acid (CO2 waste) –CO2 is transported as 70% HCO3-, 20% is Hemoglobin-CO2, 10% is dissolved(2) RBC system(a) Tissues: CO2 +H2O  H2CO3 + Hemoglobin HCO3- + Hemoglobin-H+(b) lung: O2 + Hemoglobin-H+ + HCO3-  Hemoglobin-O2 + H2CO3  H20 + CO2 +Hemoglobin-O2(3) Renal system- increase the metabolic rate, gain CO2 which will make carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and HCO3- (base), and the base is reabsorbed in the blood and the acid is complexed to phosphate or nitrogen and added to the urine (disposed as waste)e) Non-polar molecule transport(1) emulsions= hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules(2) pancreatic lipase will break down fats in pancrease – create free fatty acids, inability to do this causes Pancreatitis (often caused by alcohol)(3) micelles are spherical arrangements of individual fatty acid chains and carry globs of fat and bile into the lymphatic system and ends up in the liver(4) micelles are metabolized in liver to Chylomicrons that will transport fats to adipose cellsf) soluble gas transport(1) Arterial blood carries 3mL of oxygen/L of blood  means we have 15ml of oxygen per minute going to the tissue (0.3% of the oxygen in the blood) and hemoglobin carries the rest (19.7%)(2) tissues consume 3.5ml/min/kg which is equal to about 200ml of oxygen/ min(a) in order to fill this gap and get more oxygen in, we have red blood cells carry them, if we do not have enough RBCs, we are anemic(3) Normal CO2 level in the lungs is PaCO2= 35mmHg(a) CO2 in lung may be higher because the lung has residual volume that is always in lungs has CO2 – can have a trapping air disease (COPD)- cant get out CO2 out and we die(4) Venous blood has low levels of oxygen,(5) oxygen pressure in tissue is 40, while blood has 100, so there is a favorable gradient to transfer to tissues- still need more oxygen in tissue(a) acid/CO2 has to be present in the system in order to be added to hemoglobin and bump off oxygen off the hemoglobin(i) Hyperventilation (alkalosis) is not enough CO2 in the system, we do not have enough acid to take the oxygen off the red blood cells in the blood—huge effect on brainLecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture N. Options for Blood pressure changes O. Blood componentsP. Blood Function overview Outline of Current Lecture Q. Plasma Transport Current Lecture Q. Plasma transport1. Polar nutrients- suspended in plasma fluids or Protein Carried solution determines plasma osmolarity and pH2. Fasting glucose levels should be at 90-100mg/dL) a) hypoglycemia if there is a blood sugar level lower than 90 mg/dL and if it gets to 80, you are in a comab) hyperglycemia records levels above 100 when fasting and greater than 200 when not fasting(1) if you are above this level, you may be diabetic, in which you can be insulin dependent or insulin resistant These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BY 116 1st Editionc) Another option is to measure H1C to tell you if you are diabetic and if you are, how long you have been diabetic 3. It is important that we maintain our pH at 7.35- 7.45 in order that we keep enzymatic reactions occurring at optimal rate a) metabolic CO2  carbonic acid (acid of aerobic metabolism)b) metabolic lactic acid comes from anaerobic metabolismc) * can look at levels of different types of acid to determine if we are getting enough oxygend) Body creates a buffering system that converts major base  HCO3- bicarbonate buffer (1) balance electrolytes (Na (acid), Cl (base) , HCO3 (base), Ca (acid), Mg (acid), HPO4 (base)(2) the sum of the acid and bases (positive and negative charges) should equal a positive 10-15 (3) higher acid level lowers pH and an increase in base level inceases pH, decreasing the pH to 6 will kill you or increasing the pH level to 8 kills you(4) 99% of calcium is in bones (5) magnesium is very important for detoxifying body 4. Proteins a) coagulation- important for blood clotting – made with


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