BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Chapter 21 How genotypes and phenotypes change over time Outline of Current Lecture II Case Study 4 Malaria Co evolution of humans and a parasite a Summary of Case Study b Ted Talk Summary c Wadman Article Summary Current Lecture a Summary of Case Study Plasmodium single celled eukaryote that causes malaria Grows within a mosquito s gut and is transferred to the human through a bite The alteration of a single gene can often result in immunity to the parasite Primarily in tropical regions standing water breeding grounds Once inside the host the plasmodium parasites invade liver cells and multiply then begin to infect RBCs Plasmodium dates back as far as 3500 years ago to Egyptian mummies Individuals in malaria stricken regions are more likely to have some sort of genetic evidence of protection from malaria Originally fought with quinine a chemical found within the cinchona tree found in South America Chloroquinine has evolved as a more effective drug form of the orginal quinine chemical used Plasmodium evolves to resist anti parasitic drugs In poor areas where malaria tends to be most prevalent many people are unable to afford the drugs or can only afford a small amount which can result in the parasite adapting to resist the drug Many researchers are now looking to end the parasite in its first home the mosquito b Ted Talk 3 Reasons why we still haven t gotten rid of malaria These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1 Scientific Complex pathogen Half of the pathogen s lifespan occurs within the mosquito and the other half in a human Both environments in which the pathogen lives are extremely hostile resulting in the malaria virus to adapt and transform which allows it to thrive within its host The mosquito fast breeding and hard to avoid because all it takes is standing water 2 Economic The poor are more susceptible to obtaining malaria o Ex poor housing protection o Badly drained lands standing water breeding grounds for mosquitoes o Less likely to have door window screens o Possibly no electricity causing the individual to be outside more often and more likely to get bitten by a mosquito MALARIA POVERTY Lack of infrastructure o No roads unable to transport supplies and medicine o Lack of clinics doctors o Low amounts of sterile areas or refrigeration for vaccines 3 Cultural Those who tend to have the most malaria seem to care the least Individuals in malarias lands see the virus as ordinary everyday Malaria to malarias lands is cold flu in America Extremely difficult to prevent with drugs or nets if people see it as a normal aspect of life For some a net can be a serious annoyance whether it be because they have to hang it or because it blocks the breeze c Wadman Article Carriers of one mutated copy of the gene responsible for sickle cell anemia are protected from malaria In Africa 40 are carriers of the mutated gene Experiments using electron microscopy were completed to compare o Healthy blood cells o Normal cells infected with malaria o Infected cells from carriers with the S gene S gene meaning sickle cell Sickle cell anemia leads to a single amino acid mutation causing hemoglobin to abnormally collect outside of the cell forming the S shape sickle cell anemia is known for Within the malaria infected cells the virus steals the actin using it to form a bridge to transport its proteins to the cell o The protein adhesin causes the cells to have a sticky like nature to them resulting in many problems and complications for the cells In order for the parasite to thrive in the RBC the actin needs to be remodeled Those with one mutated copy of the sickle cell anemia trait benefit because the gene allows for the cell to make more hemoglobin Being a carrier proves to be a large survival advantage within malaria stricken areas
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