A. ¼B. ¼; 1/8C. 3/4, ¼D. ¼; ½BioSc 231 General Genetics Exam 1 Name __________________________________Multiple Choice. (1 point each)_____An allele is ___.A. one of the bases in DNAB. an alternate form of a geneC. another term for epistasisD. present only in males and is responsible for sex determinationE. found in mitochondria but not in nuclei_____What ratios typically result from crosses dealing with two genes?A. 9:3:3:1, 1:1:1:1B. 1:1:1:1, 1:4:6:4:1C. 3:1, 1:1, 1:2:1D. 9:7, 12:3:1E. 15:1, 1:2_____During interphase of the cell cycle ___.A. DNA recombinesB. Sister chromatics move to opposite polesC. The nuclear membrane disappearsD. RNA replicatesE. DNA content essentially doubles_____ What is the probability that on four flips of a coin, heads will occur on one flip and tails will occur on three flips?A. ¼A. ½B. 3/16C. 1/8D. insufficient information to answer this question _____In monohybrid crosses, the ratio 3:1 indicates ___.A. Segregation of allelesB. Independent assortment C. Intermediate dominanceD. Three alleles for each trait_____In which of the following situations would probabilities be calculated using the addition rule?A. What is the probability of having three children and all of the children being boys?B. What is the probability of flipping a coin five times with the following result: heads, tails, heads, tails, heads?C. What is the probability of rolling three dice and getting a 6 on at least one of the dice?D. What is the probability of a couple having a child having an unaffected child if both are heterozygous for the gene responsible for arecessive disorder?_____Starting with a cross between AA and aa in the P generation, the proportion of heterozygotes in the F2 progeny will be ___.A. 1/8B. 1/4C. 1/3D. 1/2E. All heterozygotes_____Genotype is to DNA as phenotype is to A. GenotypeB. ProteinsC. ExpressivityD. RNAE. Mutation_____The fundamental Mendelian process which involves the separation of contrasting genetic elements at the same gene would be called ___.A. segregationB. independent assortmentC. continuous variationD. discontinuous variationE. dominance or recessiveness_____Chromosomes that are matched up or paired at metaphase of meiosis I are called ___?A. homologousB. heterologousC. complementaryD. non-disjunctiveE. parallel_____Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene designated a. Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that their next child will have normal pigmentation? What is the probability that the next child will be an albino girl?B. ¼; 1/8C. 3/4, ¼D. ¼; ½ A. 3/4, 1/8B. 1/8; ¼_____ The probability that one of five children in a family will all be males isA. 1/32 B. 1/16 C. 1/2 D. 5/16 E. 5/32 _____ Individuals whose genotype is represented by the alleles Aa are described asA. heterozygousB. dihybridC. homozygousD. homologousE. dominant_____ The purpose for check points in the cell cycle is toA. cause cells to grow out of control leading to cancersB. stop mitosis to prevent chromosome duplicationC. stop DNA synthesis to prevent chromosome duplicationD. pause the cell cycle until all the necessary building blocks are synthesizedE. give geneticists something else to study_____ Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not mitosis?A. cell divisionB. Separation of homologous chromosomes to opposite polesC. Chromatic formationD. Chromosome condensation (shortening)_____ The end result of meiosis isA. two cells with the exact same chromosome complement of the starting cellB. two cells with half the chromosome complement of the starting cellC. four cells with the exact same chromosome complement of the starting cellD. four cells with half the chromosome complement of the starting cell_____ A population that always produces offspring with a specific phenotype is described asA. true-breadingB. monomorphicC. polymorphicD. boring_____ To determine if an organism with a dominant phenotype is heterozygous, one can perform a ___.A. reciprocal crossB. monohybrid crossC. didhybrid crossD. testcrossShort Answer. (variable points)What are the three stages of the interphase of the cell cycle?Brown seed color in peas is dominant to yellow. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with brown seeds were crossed among themselves and the following progeny were produced: 465 brown and 450 yellow. What is the most probable genotype of each parent? Under what conditions does one expect a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio?Deafness in humans can be caused by a rare autosomal dominant gene. In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman, could all the children have normal hearing? Explain.Calculate the probability of having three girls and two boys in a family with five children.What is the probability of 6 successive female births? What is the probability of having 6 girls and one boy in a family?With respect to chromosomal composition, what is a fundamental difference between the processes of mitosis and meiosis?Albinism is a recessive trait which results from lack of the skin pigment melanin. Two normally pigmented parents have a child with albinism. What is the probability that the parents will have another child that has albinism? What is the probability of the couple having three children, two that are normal and one that is albino?Draw a Punnet square for the following cross: HhBb x HhBb and circle the genotypes that will produce individuals who have one dominant phenotype and one recessive phenotype.A breed of mice can have either black fur or brown fur. For each of the crosses given below, write the most probable genotype (or genotypes if more than one answer is possible) for the PARENTS. Parental phenotypes Phenotypes of OffspringBlack fur Brown furA) black fur x brown fur 27 32B) black fur x black fur 34 13C) black fur x brown fur 45 0Cross A Cross B Cross CThe autosomal gene for brachydactyly (short fingers) is dominant to normal finger length. Assume that a female with brachydactyly in the heterozygous condition is married to a man with normal fingers. What is the probability that:Their first child will have normal fingers? That their first two children will have normal fingers?They will have one child with normal fingers and one child with brachydacyly?In Tigger genetics the symbol B is for bouncy tails and b is for non-bouncy tails, A is for a straight body stripes and a is for zig-zag body stripes. In a cross between