Study QuestionsChapter 10From Chapter 10 you should be able to read a mRNA sequence and use the genetic code todetermine the amino acid sequence of a protein produced by a gene. This will require being ableto recognize the start and stop codons for the protein in order to recognize where the properreading frame is located.You should also be able to explain what is a promoter and terminator.Chapter 15 - We covered this Chapter up to the section on measuring mutation rate (p. 484)The key to this chapter is understanding the various types of point (aka gene) mutations.How do point mutations affect the phenotype of a cell/organism?How do multiple phenotypes arise from changes in a single gene?What is the difference between a mutation and a mutant?Describe the different types of mutations resulting in various mutant phenotypes.What is the difference between a selection and a screen and how is each used to identifymutations?What is an auxotroph? What is a prototroph?How are auxotrophs identified?How are filter enrichments and penicillin enrichments used to identify mutant organisms?Explain how the fluctuation test demonstrates that mutations occur spontaneously and at randomand not caused by exposure to a selective agent.Answer questions 1 - 5 at the end of Chapter 15.Chapter 16 - We covered this chapter up to the section on strategy for repair (p. 515)The primary focus of our coverage of this chapter is the various types of mutations that can beproduced by mutagenic agents such as chemicals and radiation.Be sure you understand the importance of the specificity of various mutatenic agents.Why are the base paring rules important for the generation of mutations?Why does it usually take two generations before a mutation is fixed in the genotype of a cell?Describe how the various kinds of mutagenic agents lead to mutations.Why are mutagens usually carcinogens?How is the Ames test used to identify mutagenic agents?What are the major types of biological repair systems employed by cells to correct mutations?Answer questions 6, 13, 14 at the end of Chapter 16.Chapter 17 - We covered Chapter 17 up to the section on the use of translocations in producingduplications and deletions (p540)The main focus of the material covered in this chapter is the types of rearrangements that canoccur leading to changes in chromosome structure. Our focus is on the impact of these changeson the phenotype of a cell and not on the detailed mechanisms involved in generating thesemutations (it is still important to understand the general mechanism by which DNA fragmentsget rearranged, i.e breakage and rejoining of DNA strands).What are the major types of chromosomal structural changes?How does each type of structural mutation affect the phenotype/survival of a cell?How are structural mutations detected?How can deletion mutations be used to map genes?Answer questions 1, 3, 4 (first part), 6, 7, 8, 13 at the end of Chapter