Human Evolution Human Evolution from the perspective of a non human primate 1 2 Outline Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata Where in the Tree of Life do humans fit Humans are strange apes Review high lights of fossil record Out of Africa hypothesis Universal Genetic Code 3 Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly 4 Ascidian Vertebrata Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata 9 2 Flagellum Eukaryotic Cell 5 6 Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata Phyrangeal gill slit notochord post anal tail blastula stage embryo 7 Lamprey Shark Tuna 8 Lungfish Frog Amniota Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota Jaws Vertebrae 9 Lamprey Shark Tuna 10 Lungfish Frog Amniota Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Muscularized fins with bony pattern similar to tetrapod limbs Ossified bones 11 Amniota 12 Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria Limbs Egg with aminiotic fluid and membrane 13 Reptilia Platypus 14 Kangeroo Eutheria Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Loss of anterior coracoid vivipary astragular neck Dentary squamosal jaw joint hair 15 17 16 Murphy et al 2001 Eutheria 18 Humans are apes absence of a tail more erect posture relatively larger brains greater flexibility in hips and ankles lots of molecular evidence 19 20 Humans 23 pair of chromosomes Chimps Gorillas 24 pairs of chromosomes 21 22 C H G H C G 1 24 1 62 1 63 Intronic 0 93 1 23 1 21 Pseudogenes 1 64 1 87 2 14 X chromosome 1 16 1 47 1 50 Y chromosome 1 68 2 33 2 78 Synonymous 1 11 1 48 1 64 Nonsynonymous 0 80 0 93 0 90 Amino acid divergence 1 34 1 58 1 65 Noncoding intergenic Coding Sequences 23 Humans are strange apes Bipedal Large brains Less body hair Less sexual dimorphism Technology 24 Hominids 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Evidence that Ardi walked bipedally Shape of upper pelvis The shape and muscle attachments are more like later hominids and not like the chimp Shape of lateral foot Metatarsals 2 and 3 are propulsive because the hallux are divergent The ATV foot Shortened cranial base which is usually 39 associated with bipedality though not necessary for it Ardi s is even shorter than many later Australopithecus 40 Australopithecus afarensis Lucy Found in 1974 about 3 mya 41 42 43 44 Laetoli footprints about 3 6 mya 45 46 Homo traits larger brain 500 cc smaller and flatter face smaller teeth and jaws greater height longer legs less sexual dimorphism 47 48 Homo ergaster about 1 7 1 5 mya Kenya Homo habilis about 1 9 mya Kenya 49 50 Homo erectus 1 7 0 25 mya Homo rudolfensis 1 8 1 9 mya Kenya contemporaneous with H habilis 51 52 Final Thoughts 53 54 Pre med Preparatory courses are mostly lower division yet it is wise to take at least 1 2 upper division quantitative analytical biology courses Examples of the upper division quantitative analytical courses are genetics ecology physiology cell developmental bio neurobiology etc and would not include Human Anatomy for instance Most students at Cal take You can choose any major and still be a candidate for medical school 55 Chem 1A Chem 3A L Chem 3B L One year of Calculus either 16A B or 1A B Bio 1B Bio1A L Physics 8A 8B MCB102 or MCB c100A Some kind of upper division quantitative analytical A course in Statistics Stats 2 20 21 25 or 131A are all OK at Cal is recommended as some med schools require it Research experience lab field on or off campus is very helpful and community service or teaching leading is also critical for your communication skills Speaking multiple languages is highly recommended 56 57 58 59 60 Go Bears 61 62 63 64 65
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