1Lecture 5Lecture 5Centers of Origin of Crop PlantsFig. 5-1. The eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plantsThe Eight Vavilovian Centers (Fig. 5-1, 5-2)Old WorldI. Chinese Center: The largest independent center which includes the mountainous regions of central and western China, and adjacent lowlands. A total of 136 endemic plants are listed, among which are a few known to us as important crops. Cereals and Legumes 1. Broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum 2. Italian millet, Panicum italicum 3. Japanese barnyard millet, Panicum frumentaceum 4. Kaoliang, Andropogon sorghum 5. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum 6. Hull-less barley, Hordeum hexastichum 7. Soybean, Glycine max 8. Adzuki bean, Phaseolus angularis 9. Velvet bean, Stizolobium hassjooThe origin of crop plants is now basic to plant breeding in order to locate wild relatives, related species, and new genes (especially dominant genes, sources of disease resistance).Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is vitally important in order to avoid genetic erosion, the loss of germplasm due to the loss of ecotypes and landraces, loss of habitat (such as rainforests), and increased urbanization. Germplasm preservation is accomplished through gene banks (largely seed collections but now frozen stem sections) and preservation of natural habitats (especially in centers of origin).2Lecture 5Near EastFar EastAmericas (New World)Near East1. Lentil2. Chickpea3. Salt4. Pea5. Raisin6. Olive7. Barley8. Walnut9. Almond10. Pistachio nut11. Apricot12. Date13. Wheat14. Fig15. Fava beanFig. 5-2. Origin of basic crops. Source: J.N. Leonard 1973, First Farmers.Americas1. Pink bean2. Lima bean3. Manioc4. Potato5. Summer squash6. Acorn squash7. Small dried chili pepper8. Fresh chili pepper9. Corn (maize)10. Dried chili pepper11. Cocoa bean12. Whole dried corn13. Cracked dried corn14. Pinto bean15. Shelled pumpkin seedFar East1. Adsuki bean2. Yellow banana3. Red banana4. Green banana5. Soybean6. Coconut7. Millet8. Yam9. Sugar cane10. Rice3Lecture 5Roots, Tubers, and Vegetables 1. Chinese yam, Dioscorea batatas 2. Radish, Raphanus sativus 3. Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, B. pekinensis 4. Onion, Allium chinense, A. fi stulosum, A. pekinense 5. Cucumber, Cucumis sativusFruits and Nuts 1. Pear, Pyrus serotina, P. ussuriensis 2. Chinese apple, Malus asiatica 3. Peach, Prunus persica 4. Apricot, Prunus armeniaca 5. Cherry, Prunus pseudocerasus 6. Walnut, Juglans sinensis 7. Litchi, Litchi chinensisSugar, Drug, and Fiber Plants 1. Sugarcane, Saccharum sinense 2. Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum 3. Ginseng, Panax ginseng 4. Camphor, Cinnamomum camphora 5. Hemp, Cannabis sativaII. Indian Center: This area has two subcenters. A. Main Center (Hindustan): Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Punjab, nor Northwest Frontier Provinces. In this area, 117 plants were considered to be endemic.Cereals and Legumes 1. Rice, Oryza sativa 2. Chickpea or gram, Cicer arietinum 3. Pigeon pea, Cajanus indicus 4. Urd bean, Phaseolus mungo 5. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus 6. Rice bean, Phaseolus calcaratus 7. Cowpea, Vigna sinensisVegetables and Tubers 1. Eggplant, Solanum melongena 2. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus 3. Radish, Raphanus caudatus (pods eaten) 4. Taro, Colocasia antiquorum 5. Yam, Dioscorea alataFruits 1. Mango, Mangifera indica 2. Orange, Citrus sinensis 3. Tangerine, Citrus nobilis 4. Citron, Citrus medica 5. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica4Lecture 5Sugar, Oil, and Fiber Plants 1. Sugar cane, Saccharum offi cinarum 2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera 3. Sesame, Sesamum indicum 4. Saffl ower, Carthamus tinctorius 5. Tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum 6. Oriental cotton, Gossypium nanking 7. Jute, Corchorus capsularis 8. Crotalaria, Crotalaria juncea 9. Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinusSpices, Stimulants, Dyes, and Miscellaneous 1. Hemp, Cannabis indica 2. Black pepper, Piper nigrum 3. Gum arabic, Acacia arabica 4. Sandalwood, Santalum album 5. Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria 6. Cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanticum 7. Croton, Croton tiglium 8. Bamboo, Bambusa tuldaB. Indo-Malayan Center: Includes Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago. Fifty-fi ve plants were listed, including:Cereals and Legumes 1. Job’s tears, Coix lacryma 2. Velvet bean, Mucuna utilisFruits 1. Pummelo, Citrus grandis 2. Banana, Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca, H. sapientum 3. Breadfruit, Artocarpus communis 4. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostanaOil, Sugar, Spice, and Fiber Plants 1. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccana 2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera 3. Sugarcane, Saccharum offi cinarum 4. Clove, Caryophyllus aromaticus 5. Nutmeg, Myristaca fragrans 6. Black pepper, Piper nigrum 7. Manila hemp or abaca, Musa textilisIII. Central Asiatic Center: Includes Northwest India (Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir), Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and western Tian-Shan. Forty-three plants are listed for this center, including many wheats.Grains and Legumes 1. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare 2. Club wheat, Triticum compactum5Lecture 5 3. Shot wheat, Triticum sphaerocoecum 4. Pea, Pisum sativum 5. Lentil, Lens esculenta 6. Horse bean, Vicia faba 7. Chickpea, Cicer arientinum 8. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus 9. Mustard, Brassica juncea 10. Flax, Linum usitatissimum (one of the centers) 11. Sesame, Sesamum indicumFiber Plants 1. Hemp, Cannabis indica 2. Cotton, Gossypium herbaceumVegetables 1. Onion, Allium cepa 2. Garlic, Allium sativum 3. Spinach, Spinacia oleracea 4. Carrot, Daucus carotaFruits 1. Pistacia, Pistacia vera 2. Pear, Pyrus communis 3. Almond, Amygdalus communis 4. Grape, Vitis vinifera 5. Apple, Malus pumilaIV. Near-Eastern Center: Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of Turkmenistan. Eighty-three species including nine species of wheat were located in this region.Grains and Legumes 1. Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) 2. Durum wheat, Triticum durum (28 chromosomes) 3. Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum (28 chromosomes) 4. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare (42 chromosomes) 5. Oriental wheat, Triticum orientale 6. Persian wheat, Triticum persicum (28 chromosomes) 7. Triticum timopheevi (28 chromosomes) 8. Triticum macha (42 chromosomes) 9. Triticum vavilovianum, branched (42 chromosomes) 10.
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