History of Horticulture: Lecture 321Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Agricultural Scientific Revolution: MechanicalAn enormous number of mechanical advances are inherent in the development of agriculture. In addition, the power driving these mechanical advances have shifted from humans, to animals, to water, to steam, and to oil-derived fuels.Two primitive Egyptian hoes form the Middle KingdomSoil preparation by hoeing; from a Tomb at Ti at Saqqara, ca. 2400 BCEDevelopment of Hand WeedersWielding primitive hoes, a couple cultivates its fields in the rain.Another farmer sits before a fire and keeps a sharp eye out for crop robbers.JanuaryHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 322In a symbolic ceremony, the Inca emperor and noblemen turn over the first earth in a sacred field, while three women bow and the empress offers corn beerAugustPlowing and hoeing; from a tomb at Beni Hasan,ca. 1900 BCENote that the plow is essentially a large hoe dragged through the soilEgyptian PlowsThe symbol above the plow is the ancient pictorial word symbol for the plowTwo handled Egyptian plowHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 323Plow from Assyrian bas-relief , 670 BCE. Note the funnel which allowed seed to be added the furrow during plowing Babylonian scratch plow with seed drillMesopotamian PlowsCretan plowScratch plow, a sharp pointed hard-wood pulled by oxenA = draught pole, B = draught beam, C = stock, D = stilt, E = handleGreek PlowsLight plow with mould-board from an English 14thcentury bible. Note the donkey in the plow team of oxenMedieval PlowsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 324Woodcut of an early English heavy plow withmould-board from the 14thcenturyDe Limbourg Brothers:The Month of March (detail) from Les TrèsRiches Heures du Duc de BerryPlough with iron ploughshare and coulter, in a 14thCentury Flemish miniatureFarming in France, 1735 Plowing, broadcast sowing by hand, and harrowing in the seedHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 325Symmetrical wooden plough with an iron ploughshare in use in 1787Iljà Repin: The PloughmanTolstoy in the FieldsNote how closely the 19thcentury Russian plows resemble the plows of antiquity18thand 19thCentury PlowsHorse-drawn plow 1933 Tractor drawn three-bottom Oliver plow, 191820thCentury PlowsEgyptianIrrigation TechnologyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 326Hand watering of cabbage seedlings in Sumatra 1973Assyrian Dam of rough masonry and mortared rubble, curved to withstand the flow of the river Khosr about NinevehAssyrianRaising water from the river with shaduf by Assyrians Three men operate a double lift.The shadufs, on mud uprights, stand at two levels on the river bank, and in front of each a brick platform is built out into the river for the men who fill and empty the buckets.From the palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh, Mesopotamia 7thcentury BCE.History of Horticulture: Lecture 327An Egyptian terracotta figurine from about 30 BCE showing a man driving an Archimedes screw as a treadmillArchimedes ScrewNational Museum in Naples, ItalyA fresco recovered from a villa in Pompeii showing a man driving an Archimedes screw as a treadmillAn Egyptian farmer turning an Archimedes screw by hand to irrigate a fieldHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 328Archimedes screws pump wastewater in a treatment plant in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Each of these screws is 96 inches (2.44 m) in diameter and can lift 19,900 gallons per minuteA Persian water wheel powered by a man’s legsSakeih (Wheel of Pots)Three water-lifting technologies, water-wheel, Archimedes screw, and shaduf in a park in Düsseldorf, GermanyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 329The hydraulic ram is an interesting pump that uses water power to move water to a greater heightHydro RamCaesaria, Israel AccoRoman AqueductsFurrow irrigation from an Inca gardenFurrow irrigation from a Renaissance gardenFurrow IrrigationHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3210Furrow Irrigation,Persian miniatureFurrow irrigation using a pump, 1571Contour furrows (potato) can be used if slopes are carefully controlledPinto beans furrow-irrigated with water from a feeder canal lined with concreteNote siphonsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3211Watering with pump and sprinkler, 1571Sprinkler IrrigationSprinkler irrigation is practical as a result of portable, lightweight, aluminum pipe.The sprinkler pattern must be overlapped by about 40% in order to achieve uniform application of water.Pivot irrigation of cotton in MississippiHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3212Concept of drip irrigation from Louis XI garden of 1470Trickle IrrigationThe Chapin System of trickle irrigation for greenhouse watering uses weighted valves (left) to deliver water to individual pots (right)Trickle irrigation systems used in the fieldHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3213The wet zone around the roots of a tree or a plant irrigated by the drip methodTrickle irrigation in Israel, 1975Emitters have been designed to equalize water distribution under different water pressuresPaleolithic representation of honey gatheringWomen gathering grain 5000-6000 BCE, Tassili n’Ajjer, AlgeriaModern reconstruction of a Neolithic sickleGatheringHarvesting TechnologyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3214Harvesting in Ancient EgyptTending vines, from aXIII century miniatureHand HarvestHarvesting wheat with a cradleThe woman binds the sheaves, twisting the stalks of wheat like twineCutting grain with scythesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3215The 1851 reaperCyrus McCormick’s first reaper, 1831The twine binder (1881) reaped and tied sheaves of grain in one operationDevelopment of the ReaperWheat harvest in El Centro, CaliforniaHand picking cotton. A family of 11 harvests a bale of cotton (500 lb) in a day.With a modern four-row, mechanical cotton picker, one person can now harvest 80 bales a day.History of Horticulture: Lecture 3216The mechanical cotton picker is the most sophisticated present day farm machineMechanical Harvesting of TomatoesOver the Row HarvestersHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3217Saddle quern and rubbing stoneBasalt and limestone, 7000 BCEMortar and pestleBasalt, 1500 BCECircular millstonesBasalt, 1500 BCEMillingUsing a grindstone in a Bedouin villagein the Syrian JezirehEgyptian Wine PressesPressesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3218Ancient olive press, IsraelAncient PressesGuercino, Allegory of winemaking, ca 1626Medieval olive press, PortugalHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3219Rack and cloth press,late 20thcenturyCider press, 1900sContinuous cider press, 1990sPacking Figs,
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