History of Horticulture: Lecture 201Lecture 20Lecture 20Medieval HorticultureBreakdown of Roman Empire—Split into East and WestSlow process brought about decline in technology“The Dark Ages”Rise of Christianity Heresy and Church SchismsRise of Islam and Confrontation with the West CrusadesFrom Mosaics of Jordan by Michele PiccirilloMosaic of the Muses and Poets 3rdcentury CEHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 202Chapel of Suwayfiyah, Philadelphia Jordan, 3rdcenturyMosaic of the Paradise, Madaba Jordan, late 6thcenturyA power relation between land and peopleNobilityLand ownersClergyVassals (Peasants)Slaves, SerfsFeudalismHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 203Clergy organized into self-perpetuating monastic communitiesMonastic communities became large landowners but subject to expropriation when they got too powerfulChurch became repository of the classical information of antiquitySuperimposed on the system was the development of national groups separated by language.Present day Europe is the heir of this systemAlbertus Magnus (1193–1280)History of Horticulture: Lecture 204Commons AgronomyKitchen Gardens HorticultureWoodlands Forestry & WildlifeMedieval Agricultural SystemsAlthough land and agriculture was the basis for the feudal system, a competing class developed with small scale manufacturing, the craft system controlled by guilds, and finally the development of the industrial capitalism which created a demand for credit and banking.The rise of cities and their power led to the breakdown of the feudal system, the emergence of the middle class of managers, and a money economy.Medieval Gardens. Harvey, 1981Pruning and training vines, from an English copy of the Utrecht Psalter, 1000History of Horticulture: Lecture 205This French illumination of 1325 shows the detailed constructionof grapevine trellises, frequently renewed at great expense.Such props are distinct from the tunnel arbors and pergolas built in pleasure gardens with ornamental vines.Medieval Gardens. Harvey, 1981A paintings (1410–1420) by a master from the Upper Rhine that provides evidence for medieval plantsmanship, showing an informal combination of trees, border flowers, small plants, and lawn. An Illustrated History of Gardening. Huxley, 1978This painting from an illuminated manuscript of about 1400 depicts a very sturdy, businesslike window box.History of Horticulture: Lecture 206Santa Caterina Monastery, Sinai 5thCenturyMonastery InfluencesJeronimos Monastery, Belem, LisbonCourtyard JaronimosMonastery, Belem, LisbonHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 207Convent of Sao Francisco Salvador, BahiaConvent of Sao Francisco Salvador, BahiaTiles depicting virtues of agriculture.Convent of Sao Francisco Salvador, BahiaHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 208An Illustrated History of Gardening. Huxley, 1978Medieval village scene. Wattle fences surrounds plantations of young fruit trees, while men on long ladders pick fruit from oldones. A vine is trained on the front of one of the houses.Medieval plantings were often rather casual.These vine growers rooted their young plants from cuttings in wicker baskets which they are burying. An Illustrated History of Gardening. Huxley, 1978Tending vines, from a XIII century miniatureHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 209Medieval olive press, PortugalThis miniature, in the Roman de Renaud de Montauban of c 1475, shows Maugis and La Belle Oriande seated in a garden of rather formal design.The pot of trained red carnations exhibits this flower in the first flush of its introduction to Northern Europe, but the turf is still beset with plants in the old manner of the flowery mead.Medieval Gardens. Harvey, 1981Royal InfluencesMedieval GardensWise man of Gotham1347Romance of the Rose 1481Fences and EnclosuresHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 201014thcentury Earliest use of wattle fenceGarden scene, wattle fence, flowering treesGarden with wattle fence, fountainApiary surrounded by wattle fenceWooden fences of simple lattice patterns enclose the simplest checkerboard beds in these medieval paintings.In the center, the fence has wider uprights and top members and supports carved animals beside the opening.In the arbor below, the horizontal and upright members are fixed together with twisted osiers.History of Horticulture: Lecture 2011Romance of the Rose15thcenturyLover gathers Rose 1538Jacopo de’ Barbari’s map of 1500 marks suburban villas on the Giudecca at Venice.The ornamental gardens of the two largest houses, one with a loggia, show the medieval system of small beds combined with the simplest form of open knot.Garden of Nature—Nature holds the key. Venus (love),Pallas (wisdom),Juno (virtue).Loves game of
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