DOC PREVIEW
Purdue HORT 30600 - Lecture 34

This preview shows page 1-2-3-4-5 out of 14 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 14 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

History of Horticulture: Lecture 341Lecture 34 Lecture 34 Horticulture, Politics, and World Affairs: Sugarcane, Plantation Agriculture & SlaveryHorticulture, the source of valuable commodities, has influenced world affairs since antiquityAncient wars fought over agricultural resources and territoryAge of Exploration brought about bysearch for spicesMajor tropical products such as sugar, tea, and bananas have had major impact on slavery and colonialismBee in Ancient EgyptHunter of bees, Arana, Spain 7000 BCEHoneyGarden with wattle fence, fountainApiary surrounded by wattle fenceHoneyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 342Collecting Honey from HivesCollection of sapfrom sugar palmCollection of sap from sugar maple and evaporation in North AmericaSweet Sap from Sugar Palm and MapleMost important source of sucrose Cheapest energy foodCrop of the humid tropical lowlands but grows well in savanna climateSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae)History of Horticulture: Lecture 343SugarcaneAncient Sugar MillHawaii Sugar Planters Research InstituteField of Sugar Cane, Sao Paulo 1965History of Horticulture: Lecture 344Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963History of Horticulture: Lecture 345Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963Sugarcane, Nerja, Spain, 1972History of Horticulture: Lecture 346Loading Sugarcane, Fodder on Donkey, Nerja, Spain, 1972Sugarcane harvest, Puerto Rico, 1972Loading sugarcane, Maui, HawaiiHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 347Sugar refinery, Ewa plantation, HawaiiSugar refinery, Ewa plantation, HawaiiSugar SeedlingsHawaii Sugar Planters Research InstituteHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 348S. officinarum (2n=80):Thick-stemmed (“noble”) canes from New GuineaS. sinense (2n=118):Thin-stemmed hardy canes from ChinaS. barberi (2n=variable)Thin-stemmed hardy canes from IndiaS. spontaneumWild canes of southeast Asia; important in breedingS. robustumDeeply penetrating roots, disease and drought resistantSaccharum speciesAustralia (31,039), Fuji (3,500),Papua New Guinea (367)34,909OceaniaSpain (80), Portugal (4)84EuropeIndia (286,000), China (79,700), Thailand (49,070)547,001AsiaBrazil (339,136), Colombia (33,400), Argentina (15,000)421,303South AmericaMexico (49,500), Cuba (35,000),US (31,571)164,056North AmericaSouth Africa (23,896), Egypt (15,620), Mauritius (5,500)87,504Africa1,254,857WorldChief countries1000 MTWorld ProductionSugar CaneCultivated in India in 400 BCESugarcane cultivation technology carried to China and ArabiaCrusades brought sugarcane cultivation to EuropeIntroduced to Madeira and Azores in 1420Columbus took sugar to New World in 14931791, Captain Bligh transported S. officinarum(noble canes) from Tahiti to JamaicaPlantation agriculture first developed in the Azores and spread to the New WorldSugarcane HistoryHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 349Arab expansion of sugar production in the Middle Ages (blue line)Extraction of sugar in Sicily, 1584Production of sugarin VeniceSugar ManufactureCommercial productionLarge scale (relatively) usually considered larger than 80 hectares (200 acres)Central managementCapital intensive—often including transportation and shippingLabor intensive—but changing with agricultural revolution, especially machine harvest and herbicidesCombination of agricultural-industrial enterpriseTendency toward monocultureContinuous year-round productionPlantation economy tied to industrial economy of the worldCharacteristics of Plantation AgricultureHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3410Sugar production in Havana, Cuba 19thcenturyStarted in Brazil with settlement of northeast (Bahia and Recife) in the 16thcenturyGold was original aim, but none in area, so sugar production was adoptedSugarcane technology from Madeira, Azores,and Capo Verde Large Land Grants (Capatanias) were established along the coast, 150 miles wide and as far West as could be controlledGrantee had power over inhabitantsOrigins of Plantation SystemTremendous demand for sugar in Europe (rum in demand in England but excluded from Europe which had brandy from wine)Original plan was for exploitation of Indian labor, but diseases decimated local populations and Indians made poor slavesThe solution was the use of Black African slaves purchased from slave traders along the African coast where Portuguese had coloniesPlantation system based on African slavery soon spread to the entire Caribbean“Sugar Islands” became the source of tremendous wealth in the 17thand 18thcenturiesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3411Slavery has been present in one form or another for all of recorded historyCommonly mentioned in the bibleSlaves were considered property, a shameful episode in human history, now universally condemned Slavery still exists in various formsSlavery and the Slave TradeSlave captureSlave trade source of great wealth for Britain and New EnglandSlave ships would pick up slaves in Africa and sell them in the AmericasOn the return voyage they would return with sugar or rumAll manufactured goods came from England and were transported in British shipsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3412Sugar industry reached its greatest heights in JamaicaIn 1655, when Jamaica was taken from the Spanish by the British, there were 3000 black slaves In 1800 there were 300,000 black slavesMost of increase due to imports as rate of natural increase was low, not even sufficient to maintain the population until emancipationSlave uprisingsEnd of slave trade and emancipation (1830 in England) End to mercantile protection (sugar beet became competition)Inefficiencies of the system due to fact that system run by foreign managersLow prices due to competition from beet sugarSystem collapsed in the 1800sProcessing Beet Sugar Early 20thCenturyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 3413The slave system part of American history, especially in the SouthAttempts to prohibit slavery in the constitution failed but a date certain provided for ending the slave tradeThe South got the 3/5 rule: slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person, to determine congressional representation, a shameful decisionSlavery and the United StatesBy 1790 slavery was declining institution in America because sugar not well suited to the US, but revived with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1794) which made cotton profitable as a plantation cropCotton became the ideal plantation crop in the deep South following the model


View Full Document

Purdue HORT 30600 - Lecture 34

Documents in this Course
Pliny

Pliny

2 pages

Reading

Reading

2 pages

Reading

Reading

4 pages

Reading

Reading

2 pages

Lecture 5

Lecture 5

14 pages

Load more
Download Lecture 34
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lecture 34 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lecture 34 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?